🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Carchemish (Karkemish)
Bronze–Iron Age · Hittite viceroy, Neo-Hittite Suhi dynasty, Assyrian
Straddling Euphrates ford metropolis: Hittite viceroy-capital with King’s Gate hieroglyphs and 605 BCE battlefield.
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CategoriesAncient cities
Capitals, ports and metropolises that rose, fell and were found again.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Classical to Late Antique (5th c. BCE – 370 CE) · Bosporan Greek
Chushka Spit ferry harbour of Porthmion at Kerch Strait — 100 m rubble causeway at –2 m with wheel ruts and customs quay 60 m.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Bronze–Iron Age · Hittite viceroy, Neo-Hittite Suhi dynasty, Assyrian
Straddling Euphrates ford metropolis: Hittite viceroy-capital with King’s Gate hieroglyphs and 605 BCE battlefield.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Iron Age Saharan to Islamic (900 BCE–600 CE) · Garamantian (Saharan Berber)
6-ha foggara-irrigated Garamantian capital with 500 qanat and 250 tombs in Fezzan heartland.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Middle Bronze Age (2000-1550 BCE) · Canaanite
Tel Kabri Palace Storage Annex West — Western Terrace in Galilee, Western Galilee, Israel is a Middle Bronze Age (2000-1550 BCE) ancient city attributed to Canaanite.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 370 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom
North mole of Bosporan capital Pantikapaion at Kerch Bay — 140 m ashlar-concrete mole at –2 m.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Ptolemaic to Late Roman (270 BCE – 300 CE) · Greco-Roman Fayum
Central Fayum vineyard port Bakchias 1–2 m buried at Kom el-Atl — Soknobkonneus temple at –1 m and wine press.
🇮🇱 Israel · Submerged site
Middle Bronze to Ottoman (c. 1800 BCE – 1917 CE) · Canaanite / Egyptian / Phoenician / Persian / Hellenistic / Roman / Crusader / Ottoman
Biblical reef harbour of Andromeda – Byzantine seawall and Ottoman jetty 1–5 m down in Andromeda Reef gap.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Iron Age to Hellenistic (c.800–100 BCE) · Neo-Assyrian → Neo-Babylonian → Achaemenid
Babylonian-Persian mountain fortress Kirshu on Taurus spur with palace terraces and 30 m tunnel.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) · Helmand Culture
Shahr-e Sukhteh Workshop Quarter East Annex — Southern Extension in Sistan, Zabul, Iran is a Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) ancient city attributed to Helmand Culture.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) · Uruk Period
Uruk Anu Ziggurat Terrace North Annex — Southern Extension in Al Muthanna, Warka, Iraq is a Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) ancient city attributed to Uruk Period.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Archaic to Hellenistic (656 BCE – 200 BCE) · Clazomenian / Teian Ionian Greek
Clazomenian Archaic harbour of Abdera at Bulustra lagoon — 90 m mole at –2 m and walls 400 m, Thrace intelektual port.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) · Los Millares Culture
Los Millares Bastion South Gate — Eastern Outlier in Andalusia, Almeria, Spain is a Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) ancient city attributed to Los Millares Culture.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) · Helmand Culture
Shahr-e Sukhteh Workshop Quarter East Annex — Eastern Outlier in Sistan, Zabul, Iran is a Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) ancient city attributed to Helmand Culture.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) · Uruk Period
Uruk Anu Ziggurat Terrace North Annex — Western Terrace in Al Muthanna, Warka, Iraq is a Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) ancient city attributed to Uruk Period.
🇬🇷 Greece · Buried city
Early Bronze to Classical (c.2600 – 373 BCE) · Achaean Greek
373 BCE tsunami-lost Helike — Classical city and EBA settlement both buried 3 m under Bouras lagoonal marine silt 60 m inland, originally submerged.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) · Los Millares Culture
Los Millares Bastion South Gate — Western Terrace in Andalusia, Almeria, Spain is a Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) ancient city attributed to Los Millares Culture.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
New Kingdom to Roman (c. 1500 BCE – 400 CE) · Egyptian New Kingdom / Philistine / Ptolemaic / Roman
Sinai gate lagoon harbour – Bardawil quay walls and fish-salting vats at –1 m guarding Via Maris.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Bronze Age to Byzantine (legionary 1st–2nd c; civil to 7th c) · Berber / Roman / Byzantine; dolmens Berber
Frontier legion fortress 14 CE of Legio III Augusta with Byzantine mega-fort and 100+ Bronze Age haouanet dolmens on hills.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) · Helmand Culture
Shahr-e Sukhteh Workshop Quarter East Annex — Western Terrace in Sistan, Zabul, Iran is a Early Bronze Age (3200-1800 BCE) ancient city attributed to Helmand Culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Southern Strait mole of Hermonassa on Tuzla South — 180 m rubble mole at –3 m controlling Kerch Strait.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Southern Strait mole of Hermonassa on Tuzla South — 180 m rubble mole at –3 m controlling Kerch Strait.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Saite to Byzantine (c. 664 BCE – 640 CE) · Saite Egyptian / Persian / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
Western Pelusiac Nile harbour – quay blocks and harbour mud at 1–2 m on Farama west plain guarding Egypt's Sinai gate.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Middle Bronze Age (2000-1550 BCE) · Canaanite
Tel Kabri Palace Storage Annex West in Galilee, Western Galilee, Israel is a Middle Bronze Age (2000-1550 BCE) ancient city attributed to Canaanite.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Hekatomnid to Hellenistic · Hekatomnid Carian, Hellenistic
Karpuzlu 350-m hilltop with 2-column Apollo prostylos and 3-km Hekatomnid walls, Queen Ada's refuge 340 BCE.
