🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Fort Ancient Earthworks
Hopewell 1–450 CE · Hopewell tradition
Largest hilltop enclosure: 40 ha with 67 gateways, Hopewell 1–450 CE, UNESCO 2023.
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CategoriesEarthworks
Mounds, henges, enclosures and effigies built from earth.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Earthwork
Late Neolithic · Grooved Ware / Wessex
Massive Neolithic henge enclosure (c. 2600 BCE), 500 m diameter, largest in Britain, with southern timber circle and dense Late Neolithic settlement (1000+ pits, houses).
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Hopewell 1–450 CE · Hopewell tradition
Largest hilltop enclosure: 40 ha with 67 gateways, Hopewell 1–450 CE, UNESCO 2023.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Earthwork
Bronze Age (1500 BCE cyclopean) reused 19th Molokan · Bronze Age cyclopean → Molokan settlers 1920
Harich cyclopean.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Formative to Late Intermediate (Alto Ramírez–Tarapacá) · Atacameño / Tarapacá caravan tradition
Southernmost caravan geoglyph cluster at Salar del Sur (23°S): 31+ cleared camelid and avenue figures on salt-crust pampa.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Earthwork
Hypothesized Sangay phase (800–1400 CE) if cultural · Hypothesized Sangay Huapula (if verified)
Contested Huapula foothill extension — 14 faint mound-like marks beyond verified Upano limit, on steep colluvium, unverified.
🇳🇱 Netherlands · Earthwork
Neolithic Funnel Beaker 3300 BCE to Bronze Age · Funnel Beaker (TRB) culture
3300 BCE Neolithic heavy-haul bog road (800 m, 2.8 m wide) at Tin Tab, Drenthe, aligned to Emmen hunebed for megalithic sledge transport.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
PPNB Late–PN (7100–6000 BCE) · Maitland Mesa chapel-associated trappers (SE Badia Late Neolithic)
8 Maitland triangular-pen kites 750 m with chapel 40 m from pen QEM-03 — quern butchery slab and infant burial chapel.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
PPNB to Late Neolithic · Harrat pastoral foragers
Historic type-site where RAF pilot Maitland coined 'desert kite' (1927): 11 kites and cairn chain on basalt mesa.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B to Pottery Neolithic · Black Desert pastoral foragers
Jabal Wisad plateau kites: 14 funnels on Black Desert inselberg above Neolithic Wisad Pools.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Earthwork
Iron Age, Late La Tene 148 BCE · Late Iron Age La Tene Ireland
147 BCE Iron Age oak plank highway (3.2 m wide, 1.6 km) across Corlea Bog, largest European timber road built in one year.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Earthwork
Late Neolithic, Eastern Badia Neolithic · Eastern Badia Late Neolithic hunters
7 mustatil enclosures (5500-5100 BCE) on Wadi al-Khub hammada, northernmost Levantine mustatil bridging Arabia to Jordan kite province.
🇵🇪 Peru · Hydraulic works
Late Horizon Inca Imperial 1450 CE · Inca (Quechua) imperial engineers
12 Inca puquios gallery aqueducts (17 km, 1450 CE) of the Achirana canal, Inca ashlar aqueduct feeding Ica Valley.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
PPNB to Pottery Neolithic (wetland phase) · Azraq wetland foragers
Oasis-edge kite group on the Azraq mudflat–hamada beach ridge: 12 low-angle V-traps for wetland fauna.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
PPNB Late to Late Neolithic (7000–5500 BCE) · South Maitland cairn-alignment community (Maitland Badia Late Neolithic)
9 linearly cairn-connected kites 715 m: 280–650 m walls linked by 2-m cairn chain every 45–80 m to Qasr Usaykhim.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Middle Horizon to Late Intermediate (Cabuza–Maitas 650–1200 CE) · Lluta Cabuza–Maitas–San Miguel valley traders
31 eastern pampa figures on Gallinazo plain 2.2 km east of Alto Ramírez: rhomb anthropomorphs plus 140 m solstice corridor.
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Hypothetical site
Hypothetical Casarabe northern frontier · Hypothetical Casarabe Pando frontier
Hypothetical northern raised-field grid at Kunduriri Pando — 400 beds claim vs scroll bars.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
PPNB Late–PN (7500–6000 BCE) · Harra west scarp Harra limestone–basalt contact trappers
12 scarp-edge hybrid kites 820 m: 250–720 m split-material walls (basalt vs limestone) converging to brink chute with 8–12 m natural drop.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Earthwork
Early Middle Ages (8th–10th c. Great Moravian, Bohemian later; Bronze Age hillfort substratum) · Great Moravia – Pálava stronghold
Pavlov-Děvičky Hillfort (Pálava) Great Moravian in South Moravia, Břeclav district, Pavlov village, Pálava Hills Děvičky ( Maiden Castle) hill, Czech Republic is a Early Middle Ages (8th–10th c.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Earthwork
Iron Age Scythian (6th–4th c. BCE, origins Bronze Age) · Scythian Budini/Geloni (Herodotus 4.102)
Bilsk Hillfort – Herodotus' Gelonus (Scythian) in Poltava Oblast, Kotelva Raion, Bilsk village, Vorskla river interfluve, Ukraine is a Iron Age Scythian (6th–4th c.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Late Woodland effigy mound period (700–1200 CE) · Late Woodland effigy-mound builders (ancestral Ho-Chunk)
Contested submerged 'pyramids' in Wisconsin lake beside verified Woodland effigy mounds on shore.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Early Saka Semirechye (590 BCE) — Besshatyr central row · Saka Semirechye (Issyk–Besshatyr eastern Saka)
72 m semi-royal central row mound 8 at 640 m: larch chamber 89 gold + burnt outer house, linking south/north dynasty rows.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Archaeological wonder
Late Bronze Age (Roscommon horizon) · Irish dryland-bog community
Late Bronze Age oak plank boardwalk (82 m, 1.4 m wide) across fen–raised bog transition at Monaghan.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Archaeological wonder
Neolithic to Iron Age consecutive · North Tipperary bog-edge farmers
North lobe extension of Derryville megacluster: 3 tracks (2450–220 BCE) plus wattle panel type-specimen.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
El Molle to Copiapó Culture · Copiapó Atacameño–Diaguita caravaneers
Dune-plinth geoglyphs south of Copiapó: 14 trench-revetted figures resisting barchan burial.
