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CategoriesFortresses
Walls, citadels and hill forts.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector) in Andalusia, Almería, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Spain is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attribut…
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Ubaid to Hellenistic (3500 BCE–200 BCE; peak Neo-Assyrian 856–610 BCE) · EBA → Mitanni → Syro-Hittite → Aramean Bit-Adini → Neo-Assyrian
Kar-Shalmaneser lower town 856 BCE — Aramean to Assyrian glazed palace.
🇮🇷 Iran · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Bampur — Citadel North Bastion (Sistan) in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iranshahr, Bampur, Iran is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed …
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate in England, Dorset, Dorchester, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to I…
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Late Horizon Inca Resistance 1536–1572 · Inca (Neo-Inca State)
Inca Vilcabamba resistance capital: Rosaspata palace, Yurak Rumi 2.5 m white shrine and Ñusta Hispana.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Urartian (782 BCE Argishti I) · Urartu
Domineering hill citadel (Arin Berd) whose cuneiform foundation stele says Argishti son of Menua built on empty land and brought 6,600 captives.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Archaeological wonder
Neo-Hittite / Iron Age (c.720–680 BCE) · Neo-Hittite (Adanawa Quwe) / Phoenician
Neo-Hittite fortified retreat of Azatiwada (late 8th c BCE) on Ceyhan River, Karatepe-Aslantaş preserves two gated circuits with 30+ basalt orthostats showing Late Hittite–Phoenician bilingual…
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Aoudaghost (c. 500–1400 CE; Berber–Ghanaian citadel) · Berber (Sanhaja) / Soninke Ghanaian conquest 1055
Berber ksar on Aoukar dune edge, Aoudaghost West preserves citadel, mosque and cavern granaries that stored caravan millet, described by al-Bakri and Ibn Hawqal; Ghana 1055 seizure...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Tell
Hyksos to Ptolemaic (1720 BCE – 73 CE) · Hyksos / Egyptian / Ptolemaic Jewish (Onias)
Northern spur of the classic double-tell of Yahudiya, with Hyksos rampart extension and Onias-period Jewish cemetery north of the temple platform where Petrie found inverted pots a...
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kurgan Ton in Catamarca, Argentina is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Chastel Rouge, also called Qal’at Yahmur (Arabic: قلعة يحمور, Castle of Yahmur), is a small Crusader stronghold in the North West of Syria that belonged to the County of Tripoli.
🇨🇱 Chile · Megalith
Late Intermediate–Late Horizon 1300–1540 CE · Atacameño (Likan Antai)
Atacameño clifftop fortress above Rio Grande with 4 km walls and 1540 Spanish battle site.
🇨🇱 Chile · Rock art
Archaic to Late Intermediate 5000 BCE–1500 CE · Chango-Chinchorro maritime
Coastal Changos maritime promise rock art and 4 m shell mounds on Atacama sea cliff, 5000 BCE–1500 CE.
🇵🇱 Poland · Fortress
Golub Castle (Polish: Zamek w Golubiu) is a four-wing conventional Teutonic fortress built at the turn of the fourteenth century, built on a hill as a look-out point over the whole town of…
🇮🇳 India · Fortress
Mississippian (800–1600 CE) · Mississippian
Fortress of Midfield Henge in Madhya Pradesh, India is a Mississippian (800–1600 CE) fortress attributed to Mississippian culture.
🇱🇧 Lebanon · Fortress
Hasbaya or Hasbeiya (Arabic: حاصبيا, romanized: Ḥāṣbayā) is a municipality in Lebanon, situated at the foot of Mount Hermon, overlooking a deep amphitheatre from which a brook flows to the Hasbani…
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Panel Golden Fortress in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Fortress
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Moor in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇦🇱 Albania · Fortress
The Fortress of Krujë (Albanian: Kalaja e Krujës) is a fortress in the city of Krujë, Albania and the center of Skanderbeg's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
Blankenhagen Castle (German: Burg Blankenhagen) was a lowland castle (Niederungsburg), whose ruins are located by the River Aller near Grethem in Lower Saxony, Germany.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Fortress of Long Kala in Petén, Guatemala is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Citadel of Baraka in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇴🇲 Oman · Fortress
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Dock Fortress in Dhofar, Oman is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) fortress attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
The Castle of Castelo Branco (Portuguese: Castelo de Castelo Branco) is a Portuguese medieval castle in civil parish of Castelo Branco, in the municipality of the same name, in the Centro district of…
