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Mounds made of layer upon layer of settlement.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze to Mitanni to Neo-Assyrian (Jezirah) · Hurrian Mitanni → Aramaean Sikani → Assyrian
Spring-mound town Sikani (Mitanni to Neo-Assyrian) candidate for Mitanni capital Washukanni (hot debate) — 90 ha lower town + 8 ha citadel mound at main Khabur karst spring (Ras al-Ain).
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Natufian to PPNB · Judean Hills Neolithic
Motza Highway Mega-site PPNB Jerusalem at Judean Hills, Motza, Israel is a Natufian to PPNB ancient city of the Judean Hills Neolithic tradition, built c.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Ptolemaic (Naqada to Late) · Egyptian Upper Egyptian → Pharaonic
Walled twin of Hierakonpolis — goddess Nekhbet vulture cult centre and Predynastic to Ptolemaic town with massive mudbrick walls (11 m thick, 500×550 m) dated Early Dynastic (c.3100 BCE) to Late…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
Late Neolithic (Hacilar I equivalent) · Beyşehir-Hacilar transition
Late Neolithic lakeside tell (c.6400–6000 BCE, with Chalcolithic reuse c.5500 BCE) on Beyşehir Lake terrace, excavated 1969–71 by Bordaz & Alpes team and later re-studied by Steadman/Arbuckle.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Neolithic PPNA (c.9600–8800 BCE) · PPNA Euphrates village culture (with Jerf el Ahmar and Tell Qaramel)
PPNA farming village with painted communal building and rye-cultivation proof, drowned by Tishrin Dam.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Early Bronze (10500–3000 BCE) · PPNA–PPNB → Halaf → Ubaid → Uruk
Mezraa-Teleilat Pre-Pottery Levels are the basal 6 m beneath the Halaf–Ubaid mound on the Euphrates left bank 5 km south of Birecik.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Ancient village
PPNB to Early Neolithic · Faynan PPN
Wadi Faynan Early Farming Ghwayr at Wadi Faynan, Ghwayr I, Jordan is a PPNB to Early Neolithic ancient village of the Faynan PPN tradition, built c. 8300 BCE for long early neolithic early copper awl.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Early Bronze to Middle Bronze (3000–1550 BCE) · Ninevite V → Hurrian → Old Babylonian → Mittani
Giricano Tepe South Lower Town is the 4.2-ha south terrace below the main Early Bronze mound on the upper Tigris west of Ziyaret Tepe.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Dynastic · Nagar / Beydar culture
Tell Beydar Nagar North Palace at Hassakeh, Tell Beydar, Syria is a Early Dynastic ancient city of the Nagar / Beydar culture tradition, built c. 2500 BCE for town with palace and eblaite tablets.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Tell
Hassuna through Halaf and Ubaid (c.6000–5000 BCE); Hassuna, Samarra, Halaf early · Hassuna → Samarra–Hajji Muhammad → Halaf (Yarim Tepe facies)
Hassuna–Halaf type transition (c.6000–5000 BCE) with earliest updraft kilns and Halaf painted ware over Hassuna (Soviet Bader).
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Ubaid to Islamic · Sumerian → Akkadian → Babylonian → Kassite
Holy city of Sumer and Akkad, seat of Enlil (Lord Air) whose Ekur temple gave legitimacy to kingship — 'king without Nippur is no king'.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
EB through Mamluk; Iron II and Byzantine peaks · EB dolmen-builders → Iron Moab/Ammon → Nabataean → Roman/Byzantine Esbus → Mamluk
Biblical Heshbon on Dead Sea escarpment — Iron Moabite/Ammonite town to Hasmonaean, Roman Esbus, Byzantine mosaics and Mamluk farm, 15 m within 150×110 m mound.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Hillfort
Late Chalcolithic Trypillia C1–C2 (3600–3400 BCE) Galicia · Cucuteni-Trypillia C1 Galicia–Podolia (Usatovo contact)
Monastyrok — Trypillia C1 hillfort (c.3600–3400 BCE, 3 ha, fortified promontory) on Seret River above Dniester, Chortkiv, Galicia–Podolia.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze · Hurrian / Tell Chuera
Tell Chuera Hurrian City at Raqqa, Tell Chuera, Syria is a Early Bronze ancient city of the Hurrian / Tell Chuera tradition, built c. 2800 BCE for walled hurrian city with palace antentempel.
🇷🇸 Serbia · Tell
Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4500–1200 BCE) · Chalcolithic–Early Bronze
Vinča–Belo Brdo — Deep Pit Sanctuary Square N3 in Belgrade, Vinča, Serbia is a Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4500–1200 BCE) tell attributed to Chalcolithic–E…
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B · Damascene PPNB (Aswadian)
PPNB mega-village (8700–7500 BCE, ~18 ha at peak) in the Damascus basin/ Ghuta, irrigated by the Barada, considered the place of the earliest fully domesticated emmer wheat and barley in the world.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Neolithic to Iron Age/Crusader (peak Middle Bronze to Iron II, 2000–733 BCE) · Canaanite (Sidonian) → Israelite (Dan tribe) → Aramaean → Israelite kingdom → Assyrian
Bubbling Jordan spring tell with world's oldest intact triple mudbrick arch (1750 BCE) and House of David stele.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Pyramid
Proto-Hassuna, Hassuna, Samarran (6500–5500 BCE) · Hassuna culture
Between two wadis south-west of Mosul, this 1943–44 excavation by Seton Lloyd and Fuad Saffar defined the Hassuna culture — earliest ceramic Neolithic in northern Iraq — through 15 building levels.
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina · Tell
Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4500–1200 BCE) · Chalcolithic–Early Bronze
Butmir Tell — North Hut Ring Phase III in Sarajevo Canton, Ilidža, Bosnia and Herzegovina is a Chalcolithic to Bronze Age (4500–1200 BCE) tell attributed t…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Late Chalcolithic (Uruk) through Middle Bronze Age; EBA I–III urban · Uruk → EBA Euphrates urban → MBA Syro-Anatolian
Euphrates bend urban tell (c.3500–1600 BCE) with EBA II–III walled lower town — Chicago Atatürk Dam salvage type-site.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze (3500–2200 BCE) · Late Chalcolithic North Central Anatolian → EBA extramural elite cemetery
Horoztepe Höyük Tokat Burial Mound is the extramural-cemetery knoll 200 m from Horoztepe settlement on the Kelkit plain 2 km northeast of Erbaa.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Neolithic to Mamluk (c.8000 BCE–1500 CE; Decapolis peak 63 BCE–400 CE) · Neolithic → Canaanite → Hellenistic Decapolis → Roman → Byzantine → Islamic
Pella (Tabaqat Fahl) is a 4000-year mound and Decapolis Greco-Roman city in Jordan Valley — with Neolithic village (Sha'ar Hagolan–related) through Canaanite–Eg...
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient village
Late Neolithic · Halaf / Ubaid
Tell Sabi Abyad Balikh Valley at Balikh Valley, Raqqa, Syria is a Late Neolithic ancient village of the Halaf / Ubaid tradition, built c. 6200 BCE for halaf fortified village with seals.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Dynastic (Early Jezireh I–II, c.2900–2600 BCE) · Ninevite 5 → Early Dynastic Khabur
ED Khabur granary town (c.2900–2600 BCE, 8 beehive silos, burnt grain) on Khabur tributary.
