🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Toprakkale (Rusahinili)
Urartian (735–714 BCE) · Urartian (Rusa I)
Urartian (735–714 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Rusa I) in Van Province, Van Plain (c.735 BCE).
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371 places in the atlas, 32 of them inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Urartian (735–714 BCE) · Urartian (Rusa I)
Urartian (735–714 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Rusa I) in Van Province, Van Plain (c.735 BCE).
Iron Age Urartian (880–780 BCE) ancient-city of Urartian Early Kingdom in Muș Province, Malazgirt (c.880 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Urartian (810–730 BCE) · Urartian (Menua)
Urartian (810–730 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Menua) in Ağrı Province, Patnos Plain (c.800 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Bronze Age to Byzantine · Hattian/Hittite → Phrygian → Galatian Celtic → Roman
Galatian Trocmi capital at Büyüknefes with Hellenistic walls, Roman avenue and Bryaxis Zeus emporion.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Hellenistic to medieval (c.100 BCE–1375 CE) · Cappadocian → Roman → Byzantine → Armenian → Mamluk
Cilician metropolis beneath triple-ward Armenian castle on limestone ridge with stadium and triumphal arch.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Late Bronze Age to Iron Age (c.1400–717 BCE) with Neolithic–Medieval overburden · Hittite viceregal → Neo-Hittite Luwian/Aramaean
Syro-Hittite capital on Euphrates (90 ha twin-mound, basalt orthostats, Storm-God reliefs) at Turkey–Syria border.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Late Roman–Byzantine (505 CE–1071 CE) · Eastern Roman (Byzantine) vs Sasanian Persian
Justinian border megafort with 3.5 km walls, earliest arch dam and 18 m deep rock-cut Great Cistern.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Iron Age (c.1000–676 BCE) plus Bronze substrate · Aramaean–Neo-Hittite Samʾal
Iron Age Samʾal 40 ha triple-walled (Kuttamuwa Stele, lion orthostats) in Islahiye valley.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Hellenistic (300–150 BCE) foundation over Archaic · Hellenistic Lysimachan Heracleans with Karian memory
Athena peripteros 6×11 on cyclopean walled acropolis above Bafa Lake Endymion heroon.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (c.5500 BCE–600 CE; Hittite capital eastern quarters) · Chalcolithic → Hittite Empire → Phrygian → Iron Age polity → Byzantine
Eastern citadel of Hittite Hattusa on Budaközü gorge — silos and Iron Age polity above Boğazköy.