🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Sai Island
Kerma Classic to New Kingdom to Napatan (2500 BCE–750 BCE, plus later) · Kerma and Egyptian colonial (New Kingdom)
12 km Nubian Nile island with Kerma pyramids and New Kingdom pharaonic fortress (2500 BCE–Ottoman).
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Dokki Gel Sacred City — Kerma South
Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom, c.2500-1500 BCE (Kerma–Egyptian) · Kerma (Kushite)
Dokki Gel sacred city 1 km south of Kerma (Ancient Dukki Gel): massive ceremonial city of Classic Kerma kingdom (2500-1500 BCE) with four successive cruciform palatial enclosures, each 100×100 m,…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Kerma (Dukki Gel) – Kushite Metropolis
Kerma Ancien to Late (c.2500–1500 BCE; Napatan reuse 900 BCE) · Kerma culture (Nubian / Sudanese) – precursors to Kush/Napata/Meroe
2500 BCE Nubian capital with 19 m Deffufa temple and tumuli – first sub-Saharan city, excavated 1977–.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Kawa Temple T & Pyramidal Tombs (Gematen)
Egyptian New Kingdom extraction to Kushite Napatan/Meroitic · Kushite (25th Dynasty / Napatan / Meroitic)
Kushite holy city at Kawa (Gematen) — Temple T of Taharqa c.683 BCE plus hundreds of small sandstone pyramids 3–7 m for Meroitic elite 700 BCE–400 CE.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Amara West Temple Town — Ramesside Center
New Kingdom, 19th-20th Dynasties, c.1300-1050 BCE (Seti I–Ramesses II) · Ancient Egyptian
Amara West walled town on island 70 km north of Sai: palatial administrative capital of Kush under viceroy (King's Son of Kush) from Seti I to Ramesses IX.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Amara West Temple-Town
New Kingdom (Ramesside) to Early Napatan · Egyptian (viceregal) / Kushite
Ramesside viceregal capital town of Kush at Amara West — 200 m walled city of Seti I/Ramesses II c.1300 BCE with Amun temple and external Napatan mini-pyramid cemetery.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Old Dongola
Medieval Christian–Islamic Nubia (500–1317 CE; peak 800–12th c.) · Makuria (Christian Nubia) / Islamic
Old Dongola on Nile opposite Letti is Makuria Christian Nubia's capital 500–1317 CE, 45 ha walled town with colonnaded citadel, palace of Ioannes (11th c.) 28×18 m with frescoes, five churches…
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Brak (Nagar) (Al-Hasakah Governorate, Khabur Triangle)
Chalcolithic to Mitanni-Akkadian to Late Bronze · North Mesopotamian (Uruk → Akkadian → Hurrian)
Huge early city ('city without a state' per Oates) occupied 6000 BCE–1300 CE, peaking as Nagar kingdom (2600–2200 BCE) with Mitanni palace (1500 BCE) and Akkadian Naram-Sin palace.