🇱🇾 Libya · Rock art
Lamluda
Libyan to Roman (500 BCE–300 CE) · Libyan / Greek / Hellenistic
Libyan shaft necropolis with betyl horseman stela and Hooded-figure Karst chambers 500 BCE–300 CE.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Wiracochapampa – Northern Wari Fortress
Middle Horizon Wari Empire (600–750 CE, occupied 600–700) · Wari (Huari) imperial colony
Northernmost major Wari provincial center (600–700 CE, abortive) on Cajabamba road 10 km N of Huamachuco at 3100 m: orthogonal Wari cellular town plan 400×500 m with D-shaped temple, plaza, barracks…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Ancient Kano City Walls
Hausa Kingdom of Kano to Sokoto (1095–1807 CE; peak 14th–18th c.) · Hausa (Kano)
Ancient Kano City Walls (Badala) are West Africa's most impressive earthwork: 14 km main wall, 10 m high with 40 m base and moat, plus outer and inner walls totalling 40 km, founded 1095 CE by…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Uaymil Island Maya Port
Terminal Classic – Postclassic (900–1520 CE) · Maya (Putún-Chontal / Campeche coast)
Postclassic salt–shell island port (900–1520 CE) on Uaymil sand barrier island north of Jaina, 25 km offshore Campeche mangroves: 20 low platforms 1–2 m high with columned halls, oratories and…
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Incahuasi de Lunahuaná (Cañete)
Late Horizon Inca Imperial (1480–1536 CE) · Inca (Topa Inca Yupanqui – Wanka campaign)
Planned Inca city founded by Topa Inca Yupanqui c.1480 to replicate Cusco as headquarters for conquering Guarco (Huarcu) kingdom of Cañete valley: full Qorikancha-like Temple of the Sun with…
🇬🇪 Georgia · Submerged site
Pitiunt (Bichvinta) – Submerged Fortress Basilica of Georgia
Greek to Byzantine (6th c. BCE Greek emporion – 14th c. patriarchate) · Milesian Greek / Roman / Byzantine Colchian–Abkhaz
Northernmost Black Sea Roman fortress — east wall and mole now –0.5 to –4 m on Pitsunda lagoon-sea spit.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Ancient city
Citânia de Briteiros — Guimarães
Iron Age to Roman (c.800 BCE–300 CE) · Castro culture (Bracari, Celtic Lusitanian transition)
Citânia de Briteiros (Iron Age c.800 BCE–300 CE, peak 200 BCE–100 CE) sprawls 24 ha over Monte São Romão 385 m above the Ave valley, northern Portugal's largest proto-urban castro with three ramparts…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Becán
Late Classic to Terminal/Postclassic 550–1200 CE (Río Bec apogee 730–830) · Maya (Río Bec–Chenés, between Calakmul and Chenés region)
Major Río Bec–Chenés fortified Maya capital surrounded by unique 2 km-long, 16 m-wide, 5 m-deep continuous ditch-moat (English ‘Be’ecs ditch’) enclosing 25 ha core – only fully ditched major Maya…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Konye-Urgench (Kunya-Urgench)
Achaemenid 5th c BCE → Khwarezmshahs 11th–13th c CE → Golden Horde · Khwarezmian → Seljuk → Khwarezmshahs → Mongol
Konye-Urgench — capital of Khwarezm (Achaemenid–Golden Horde, 5th c BCE–17th c CE) 35 km south Uzbekistan border, excavated 1930s Tolstov and 1990s Berlin.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Southern Saqqara Sanctuary East — Saqqara, Serapeum (59-06)
Chalcolithic (regional) · Chalcolithic
Southern Saqqara Sanctuary East — Saqqara, Serapeum (59-06) at Saqqara, Serapeum, Egypt is a Chalcolithic (regional) ancient city of the Chalcolithic tradition, built c.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Acholla
Punic to Byzantine (5th c. BCE–7th c. CE; peak 2nd–4th c. CE) · Punic / Roman / Byzantine
Acholla (Henchir Botria/Boutria) is a coastal Byzacena city founded Punic 5th c. BCE and Roman colonia, famed for its Trajanic amphitheatre (one of Africa's largest, ~6,000 seats), Byzantine fortress…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Submerged site
Acholla – Submerged Harbour of Ras Boutria
Punic to Byzantine (5th c. BCE – 6th c. CE) · Punic / Roman Byzacena
Tyrian purple-dye port with murex basins and moles half in surf at Ras Boutria cape, wealthy enough to mint double coins.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Ancient city
Great Great Zimbabwe Citadel North — Great Zimbabwe (57-13)
Chalcolithic (regional) · Chalcolithic
Great Great Zimbabwe Citadel North — Great Zimbabwe (57-13) at Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe is a Chalcolithic (regional) ancient city of the Chalcolithic tradition, built c.
🇳🇪 Niger · Ancient city
Teguidda-n-Tessoumt
Iron Age to Medieval (500 BCE–1600 CE) · Tuareg / Hausa / pre-Tuareg herders
Salt-production town with 3,500 clay pans from 500 BCE and iron horizon, twin of Azelik copper.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Tenam Puente Maya City
Classic to Early Postclassic (300–1200 CE, walls 900–1200) · Maya (Tojolabal / highland Chiapas)
Fortified Late Classic–Postclassic Maya capital (300–1200 CE, fortification 900–1200) crowning limestone hilltop 250 m above Comitán valley: 60+ structures, walled core (60 ha) with 4.5-m-thick…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Yautepec
Late Postclassic (Aztec/Morelos) · Aztec (Tlahuica–Xochimilca provincial)
Aztec provincial capital (1350–1521 CE) in Morelos — palace, pyramid and 150 ha town at Yautepec valley floor.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Culhuacan
Epiclassic–Postclassic (Coyotlatelco–Aztec) · Toltec–Colhua / Basin Postclassic
Toltec-Colhua capital (600–1400 CE) on Lake Xochimilco — 8 pyramids beneath Cerro de la Estrella, Mexica legitimacy ancestor.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Maheshwar (Mahishmati)
Maheshwar I Chalcolithic 1400–600 BCE → II Early Historic 600 BCE–400 CE → IV Holkar 1760 CE · Maheshwar Chalcolithic → Satavahana → Holkar Maratha
Historic Mahishmati–Maheshwar city on Narmada (1400 BCE–1760 CE) — Chalcolithic below Holkar fort and Maheshwari textile loom.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Royal Derinkuyu Reservoir I — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-33)
Medieval (regional) · Medieval
Royal Derinkuyu Reservoir I — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-33) at Derinkuyu, Cappadocia, Turkey is a Medieval (regional) ancient city of the Medieval tradition, built c.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Varakhsha
Sogdian–Hephthalite 4th–8th c CE (Bukhara Khudats) · Sogdian Bukhara (Zeravshan oasis) → Early Islamic
Varakhsha — palace-city of Bukhara Khudats (4th–8th c CE) 40 km west Bukhara, excavated 1937–58 Shishkin and Tolstov.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Eastern Rajasthan Ridge Inner — Rajasthan, Jaipur (54-38)
Early Historic (regional) · Early Historic
Eastern Rajasthan Ridge Inner — Rajasthan, Jaipur (54-38) at Rajasthan, Jaipur, India is a Early Historic (regional) ancient city of the Early Historic tradition, built c.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Oxkintok Archaeological Zone
Early Preclassic–Postclassic Puuc (300 BCE–1500 CE, zenith 475–750) · Maya (Early Puuc – northwestern border)
Strategic Puuc border capital (300 BCE–1500 CE, florescent 475–750 Classic Early Puuc) northwest tip of Puuc, controlling Mérida–Uxmal–Calakmul corridor: 3 major groups (Ah Canul, May, Dzib) over 50…
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Piedras Negras
Late Classic 400–830 CE (peak 608–808 CE, Dynasty of Piedras Negras 7 lords) · Maya (Yo’k’ib / Piedras Negras kingdom, western Petén)
Largest Classic Maya city on Guatemala's Usumacinta north bank (1,000+ structures, pyramid temples 20 m high) famous for epigraphy: Tatiana Proskouriakoff here invented phonetic Maya glyph…
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Deir el-Ballas
Second Intermediate to New Kingdom (17th–18th Dynasty, 1580–1320 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian (Theban)
Deir el-Ballas is a New Kingdom palace–rampart town opposite Coptos on west bank 2 km desert edge, built early 17th Dynasty (c. 1580 BCE) as military palace for Sekhemre–Wadjitaw?