🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Tipasa
Phoenician / Roman / Early Christian · Phoenician / Roman / Christian
Phoenician-Roman-Christian cape town with Great 7-aisle basilica (largest in Africa) and St Salsa martyrion.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Capsa (Gafsa)
Epipaleolithic to Modern (10,000 BCE-present; peak Capsian 8000-6000 BCE and Roman 1st-4th c CE) · Capsian Epipaleolithic / Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
Capsian oasis fortress Capsa.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient city
Gò Tháp (Óc Eo–Funan Center)
Funan 2nd–6th c CE → Chenla 6th–9th c → Khmer 9th–12th c · Funan Óc Eo (Mekong Delta) → Chenla → Khmer
Gò Tháp — Funan (Óc Eo culture) port-city centre (2nd–12th c CE) 25 km north Cao Lanh, Thap Muoi Mekong floodplain, excavated 1998–2010s Le Xuan Diem and DAA.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Naukratis – Nile Delta Greek Emporion & Submerged Canopic Anchorage
Late Period to Ptolemaic–Roman (620 BCE – 4th c. CE) · Saqite Egyptian / Milesian-Samian-Aeginetan Greek
Panhellenic Delta emporion 620 BCE — Psamtik Greek colony whose 300 m Canopic harbour channel now 8 m under Nile silt with lagoon quay.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Navkat (Krasnaya Rechka)
Sogdian → Western Turkic → Karakhanid 6–12 c. CE · Sogdian–Turkic (Silk Road Sogdian colony, Nestorian–Buddhist)
Major Sogdian–Turkic Silk Road city (c.6–12 c. CE) at Krasnaya Rechka village in the Chu Valley — 45 ha shahristan (700×550 m, walls 10 m high), Buddhist monastery 30×25 m with 5 m Buddha,…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Paithan (Ancient Pratishthana)
Satavahana 2nd c BCE–2nd c CE → Vakataka → Yadava · Satavahana Deccan urban (Godavari)
Paithan (ancient Pratishthana) — Satavahana capital (2nd c BCE–2nd c CE) on Godavari 56 km south Aurangabad, excavated 1970s by Allchin and 1990s Sontheimer.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Zinchecra
Iron Age Saharan (900 BCE–200 CE) · Proto-Garamantian / Garamantian
80-m black-capped mesa hillfort 900–400 BCE pre-Garamantian stone rampart enclosing 2-ha citadel.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Aspero
Late Archaic (3000 – 1800 BCE) · Caral-Supe
Aspero in Lima, Peru is a Late Archaic (3000 – 1800 BCE) ancient city attributed to Caral-Supe culture.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Dalverzin Tepe Surkhandarya
Greco-Bactrian 3rd c BCE → Kushan 1st–3rd c CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan Bactria
Dalverzin Tepe Surkhandarya — Greco-Bactrian → Kushan fortified city (3rd c BCE–3rd c CE) on Surkhandarya plain 30 km NE Denau, excavated 1960s–80s by G.A. Pugachenkova and Turgunov (Uzbek).
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Nimrud (Kalhu) – Assyrian Capital Harbour on Tigris
Early Dynastic to Neo-Assyrian (c. 2700 BCE – 612 BCE) · Assyrian / Mitanni / Neo-Assyrian
Assyrian capital's Tigris quay – 60 m limestone quay with winged lamassu harbour gate under fields.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Amnisos – Minoan Harbour of Knossos
Minoan to Byzantine (c. 2000 BCE – 6th c. CE) · Minoan / Mycenaean / Greek
Knossos' Minoan harbour at Amnisos — villa frescoes and 70 m quay now –1 to –3 m in surf below Eileithyia cave.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Bu Njem (Gholaia)
Severan Roman (201–259 CE) · Roman
201 CE polygonal limes fort 138 m with 146 wax tablets and ostraca archive documenting Legio III vicus.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Chicanná Structure II Pyramid — Bec Valley
Late Classic Maya, c.600-830 CE (Río Bec–Chenés, Late Classic) · Maya (Río Bec–Chenés)
Chicanná (House of Serpent Mouth, Bec Valley, Campeche) Structure II: 4-crown Río Bec pyramid (12 m high) with steep false stair, twin pseudo-temples and central monster-mouth portal (Chenés witz…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Madauros (Mdaourouch)
Numidian to Byzantine (5th c BCE-11th c CE; peak 2nd-4th c CE) · Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
Plateau colony Madauros.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Bottle Creek Indian Mounds
Mississippian Pensacola phase (1250–1550 CE) · Mississippian (Pensacola culture)
Pensacola-Mississippian island capital (1250–1550 CE) on low swamp island (0.4 sq km) in Mobile-Tensaw Delta: 18 platform and burial mounds (largest Mound A 11 m high 90×60 m) enclosing 5 plazas on…
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Buto (Tell el-Fara'ein)
Predynastic (Buto-Maadi) to Dynastic to Greco-Roman · Lower Egyptian (Buto-Maadi) → Unified Egyptian
Dual city Pe and Dep — cult centre of cobra goddess Wadjet (tutelar of Lower Egypt) and predynastic–archaic capital that gives 'Buto-Maadi' culture (c.4000–3400 BCE, Palestine-like beveled rims,…
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Erligang (Zhengzhou Shang City)
Early Shang Erligang 1600–1400 BCE (Xia→Shang transition) · Early Shang (Erligang culture, Zhengzhou phase)
Erligang (Zhengzhou Shang City) — Early Shang walled capital (c.1600–1400 BCE, Erligang culture) under modern Zhengzhou old city, excavated 1950s–80s An Jinhuai and Zou Heng (Henan Institute).
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Gran Vilaya – Chachapoya Citadel Network
Late Intermediate Period – Late Horizon (800–1536 CE, Chachapoya → Inca 1470) · Chachapoya (Luya) → Inca (mitma occupation)
Vast Chachapoya hilltop conurbation (800–1470 CE, Inca conquest 1470) 7 km north of Kuelap, comprising 30+ registered citadels on 15 km2 ridge: massive circular stone houses 10 m diameter with…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Kampir Tepe
Hellenistic 330–145 BCE → Yuezhi–Kushan 145 BCE–350 CE → Sasanians 350–500 CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan–Sogdian (Oxus trade)
Oxus port fortress (330 BCE–500 CE) at Kampir hill 30 km west Termez — Hellenistic gate, Kushan quay and Alexander port contender.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Río Bec
Late Classic (Río Bec style florescence) · Maya (Río Bec)
Type site for Río Bec architectural phenomenon (c.550–900 CE) — most dispersed large Classic Maya city 50 km², 6 km² core with 6+ plaza groups (A–F, Central Group Structure V-N 13...
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Zabalam (Tell Ibzeikh) – Sumerian Temple Harbour on Iturungal
Early Dynastic to Isin-Larsa (c. 2900 – 2000 BCE) · Sumerian / Lagash-Umma / Ur III / Isin-Larsa
Inanna's canal port on Lagash–Umma waterway – Iturungal harbour revetment 40 m at –2 m.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Holmul
Preclassic–Late Classic · Maya (Snake/Tikal sphere)
Borderland trading city (800 BCE–900 CE) on Holmul River near Belize, famed for Building A 8-m-wide Witz monster stucco frieze (590 BCE La Sufricaya mural earliest Maya mural) on s...
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Theveste (Tebessa)
Roman to Byzantine (75-647 CE; peak 2nd-4th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Legionary Theveste with arch.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Avaris – Tell el-Dab'a (Hyksos Capital)
Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom (c. 2000–1150 BCE; Hyksos peak 1670–1550) · Egyptian / Hyksos Canaanite / Minoan palace artisans
Hyksos capital with Minoan frescoes and donkey burials — 3 m under Delta fields, excavated since 1966.