🇧🇷 Brazil · Earthwork
Marajoara Mounds (Teso dos Bichos)
Marajoara Phase (Polychrome Tradition) · Marajoara (Arauan-derived Amazonian Polychrome)
Marajoara chiefdom mounds (800–1400 CE)—40-m tesos and funerary urn fields on Amazon's delta island.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Ancient city
Kuhikugu (Xinguano Lost Cities)
Xinguano 800–1600 CE · Xinguano / Arawak
Cluster of 20+ pre-Columbian settlements in Xingu with causeways 50 m wide, plazas, reservoirs, showing dense urbanism (population 50k) in Amazon before 1492, built 800–1400 CE, described by Michael…
🇧🇷 Brazil · Buried city
Marajoara – Mound Complex of Marajó Island, Pará (Hypothetical Urbanism)
Marajoara Phase (800–1400 CE) Amazonian Polychrome · Marajoara / Aruã / Ananatuba
Amazon mouth tesos 12 m high with 3 km causeways at +1 m (800–1400 CE) — continental city 40,000 vs chiefdom 10,000 debated.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Ancient city
City of Z / Kuhikugu (Upper Xingu)
Claimed ancient (Fawcett 500 BCE Atlant. survivors) vs real Xinguano 800–1600 CE · Fawcett: imagined Atlantean/Cartaginian survivors; real: ancestral Kuikuro (Arawak) Xinguano polities
Fawcett's Atlantean Z near Xingu 1925 vanished – 30 km away Heckenberger found real 50-ha Kuhikugu road-plaza network.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Upano — Huapula Southern Platform at Sangay South
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE–1400 CE) · Kilamope (Upano) culture; Sangay phase Huapula
Southern Huapula platform of Upano — 22 mounds and drained fields at Huapula–Upano confluence, Sangay south gate.
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Earthwork
Llanos de Moxos – Casarabe Culture Monuments
Late Intermediate, Casarabe culture · Casarabe (Moxos) savanna farmers
1,000 km of causeways + 147 forest-island cities (500–1400 CE) in seasonally flooded Beni savanna.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Upano Valley Urban Complex
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE–600 CE) · Kilamope (Upano) culture; Sangay phase Huapula
Lost Amazon cities (500 BCE–600 CE) under Upano forest—20 towns, 6,000 mounds and 25 km of roads revealed by 2024 LiDAR.