🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Carchemish (Karkemish)
Bronze–Iron Age · Hittite viceroy, Neo-Hittite Suhi dynasty, Assyrian
Straddling Euphrates ford metropolis: Hittite viceroy-capital with King’s Gate hieroglyphs and 605 BCE battlefield.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tell es-Safi (Gath)
Chalcolithic through Ottoman; EBA III, MB–LB Canaanite, Iron I–II Philistine/Judahite, Crusader–Mamluk · EBA Canaanite → Philistine Pentapolis (Sea Peoples) → Judahite fortress → Crusader
40 ha Philistine pentapolis capital — EBA to Crusader tell with Gath Siege Trench and Goliath inscription (c.5000 BCE–present).
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Pella (Tabaqat Fahl)
Late Neolithic through Byzantine–Islamic (c.5500 BCE–749 CE); Neolithic, EBA–MB–LB, Iron I–II, Hellenistic–Roman–Byzantine · Neolithic → Canaanite (MBA–LBA) → Iron Ammonite → Decapolis Hellenistic–Roman → Byzantine → Early Islamic
Jordan Valley gateway — MBA Canaanite town to Decapolis Pella (6000-yr, 10 ha + 30 ha lower city) with 635 CE Yarmuk layer.
🇱🇧 Lebanon · Tell
Tell Kamid el-Loz (Kumidi)
Neolithic through Iron Age and Byzantine (c.5000 BCE–600 CE); Chalcolithic, EBA–MB, LB II Amarna Kumidi, Iron–Persian · Chalcolithic → EBA–MBA Beqaa → LB Egyptian vassal (Kumidi) → Iron Phoenician–Persian → Hellenistic
Beqaa Kumidi — Amarna Egyptian vassal palace with cuneiform archive and fresco (26 m, 16 m stratigraphy, LB II).
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Mendes (Tell el-Rub'a)
Predynastic to Ptolemaic to Late Antique · Egyptian (Lower Egyptian Delta)
Delta metropolis and cult centre of ram god Banebdjedet (Greek Mendes), capital of 16th Nome and briefly capital of 29th Dynasty (Nepherites I, c.399–380 BCE) under Persian-period independence.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Sais (Sa el-Hagar)
Predynastic to Greco-Roman to Medieval · Egyptian (Libyan → Saite renaissance → Persian)
Cult centre of Neith and capital of 26th (Saite) Dynasty (664–525 BCE) — Egypt's Late Period renaissance metropolis that reconquered to Aswan and traded with Greeks at Naukratis.