🇱🇧 Lebanon · Cave
Jeita Cave
Middle Palaeolithic to present (c.80,000 BP–modern) · Mousterian → Aurignacian → Holocene
Keserwan 9 km karst system (Mousterian–Aurignacian, 5 m speleothems) on Nahr al-Kalb gorge.
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Kaldar Cave
Middle to Upper Palaeolithic (c.54,000–30,000 BP) · Zagros Mousterian → Baradostian
Khorramabad MP–UP cave 5 m (54–30 ka, first Baradostian 54 ka, AMH beads) 5 km N Khorramabad.
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Cave of Settlement New
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Cave of Settlement New in Fars Province, Iran is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) cave attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Cave
Cave of Tana-Chott
Moche (100–800 CE) · Moche
Cave of Tana-Chott in Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia is a Moche (100–800 CE) cave attributed to Moche culture.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Cave
Pen Rig Mere Grotto
Andean Formative (1800–200 BCE) · Andean Formative
Pen Rig Mere Grotto in Alentejo, Portugal is a Andean Formative (1800–200 BCE) cave attributed to Andean Formative culture.
🇮🇱 Israel · Cave
Tabun Cave
Lower to Middle Palaeolithic (c.500,000–40,000 BP) · Acheuleo-Yabrudian → Mousterian (Neanderthal)
Mount Carmel UNESCO cave (500–40 ka, 25 m sequence, Neanderthal Yabrudian–Mousterian, Garrod/Jelinek).
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Ghar-e Boof
Middle Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic (c.80,000–15,000 BP) · Zagros Mousterian → Baradostian → Zarzian
Dasht-e Boof Palaeolithic shelter 2 m (80–15 ka, Neanderthal parietal, Zarzian microliths) at 1350 m.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Cave
Rig Ach Grotto
Mississippian (800–1600 CE) · Mississippian
Rig Ach Grotto in Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria is a Mississippian (800–1600 CE) cave attributed to Mississippian culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Cave
Harbor Grimston Grotto
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Harbor Grimston Grotto in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) cave attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Kunji Cave
Middle to Upper Palaeolithic (c.70,000–30,000 BP) · Zagros Mousterian → Baradostian
Lorestan cave 8 m deposits (70–30 ka, Mousterian→Baradostian, Neanderthal→UP) near Khorramabad.
🇨🇱 Chile · Cave
Mound Cave
Mississippian (800–1600 CE) · Mississippian
Mound Cave in Coquimbo, Chile is a Mississippian (800–1600 CE) cave attributed to Mississippian culture.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Cave
Hillfort Cave
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Hillfort Cave in Aswan Governorate, Egypt is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) cave attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ajanta Caves 9–10 — Early Hinayana Group
Satavahana (100 BCE) Hinayana; repainted 5th c. · Buddhist Hinayana then Mahayana
Ajanta Caves 9–10 — Early Hinayana Group in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE) Hinayana; repainted 5th c. rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Hinayana then Mahayana.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
El-Wad Cave (Mugharet el-Wad)
Middle Palaeolithic to Natufian (c.200 ka–9600 BCE) · Mousterian → Aurignacian → Natufian
Karst cave at the mouth of Nahal Me’arot, type site of the Natufian culture (excavated Dorothy Garrod 1929–1934). 4 m st...
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Cave
Creswell Crags Gorge
Middle Palaeolithic to Creswellian (120k–10k BCE) · Neanderthal / Creswellian
Creswell Crags Gorge in Derbyshire/Nottinghamshire, Magnesian Limestone, United Kingdom is a Middle Palaeolithic to Creswellian (120k–10k BCE) cave attributed to Neanderthal / Creswellian culture.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Cave
Shanidar Cave
Middle Palaeolithic to Neolithic (c.80,000–9000 BP; Neanderthal Layer D c.70–50 ka) · Mousterian Neanderthal → Baradostian → Zarzian → Neolithic
Zagros Neanderthal cave (80 ka) with nine burials including 'flower burial' Shanidar 4.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Aurangabad Caves 6–7 — Nagthar Hill North Cluster
Vakataka–Kalachuri (450–600 CE) · Buddhist Mahayana Tantric
Aurangabad Caves 6–7 — Nagthar Hill North Cluster in Maharashtra, India is a Vakataka–Kalachuri (450–600 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Mahayana Tantric.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Kuda Caves — Buddhist Coastal Monastery
Satavahana to Traikutaka (200 BCE–500 CE) · Buddhist
Kuda Caves — Buddhist Coastal Monastery in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana to Traikutaka (200 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Cave
Hazar Merd Cave — Sulaymaniyah
Middle Paleolithic to Neolithic · Zagros Paleolithic type-site Zarzian
Hazar Merd Cave — Sulaymaniyah in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq is a Middle Paleolithic to Neolithic cave attributed to Zagros Paleolithic type-site Zarzian.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Elephanta — North Bay Small Shrine Cave
Kalachuri–Rashtrakuta (550–600 CE) · Shaivite Hindu
Elephanta — North Bay Small Shrine Cave in Maharashtra, India is a Kalachuri–Rashtrakuta (550–600 CE) rock_cut attributed to Shaivite Hindu.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Cave
Peri Ali Beg Cave — Rawanduz Gorge
Middle Paleolithic to Neolithic (80000–7000 BCE) · Zagros Paleolithic (Hazar Merd group)
Peri Ali Beg Cave — Rawanduz Gorge in Erbil Governorate, Iraq is a Middle Paleolithic to Neolithic (80000–7000 BCE) cave attributed to Zagros Paleolithic (Hazar Merd group).
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock art
Gilf Kebir — Cave of Swimmers Annex Foggini-Mestekawi Cave
Holocene humid (7000–3000 BCE rock art) · Gilf hunter-gatherers (pre-pastoral)
Wadi Sura excavated by Almásy 1933 and Kuper 2009–, 7000 BCE hands, Lacan 7000.
🇮🇱 Israel · Cave
Nahal Mishmar — Treasure Cave
Chalcolithic (3500 BCE) · Ghassulian
Nahal Mishmar — Treasure Cave in Judean Desert, Dead Sea cliffs, Israel is a Chalcolithic (3500 BCE) cave attributed to Ghassulian culture.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Bagh Caves — Mahishmati Buddhist Vihara
Gupta to Vakataka (380–600 CE) · Buddhist Mahayana
Bagh Caves — Mahishmati Buddhist Vihara in Madhya Pradesh, India is a Gupta to Vakataka (380–600 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Mahayana. 9 Buddhist rock-cut viharas with 4th c.