🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Northern Annex
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Northern Annex in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuelap — Chachapoya Cloud Fortress Ridge
Chachapoya (600–1470 CE) pre-Inca Chachapoya, later Inca garrison 1470 · Chachapoya (Warriors of the Clouds) → Inca
Amazonas Kuelap excavated by Langlois 1930s, 584 m fortress Walls breach 20 m, 412 houses, Chachapoya cloud city.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Konar Sandal (Jiroft – Marhashi)
Early to Middle Bronze (2500–1800 BCE; peak 2400–2200 BCE) · Jiroft / Kerman Bronze Age (Proto-Elamite derived, Halil Rud)
Jiroft twin citadels — 21 m windowed fortress and chlorite workshop centre of Marhashi.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Fortress of Kistvaen Barrow
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kistvaen Barrow in Somerset, South West England, United Kingdom is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Southern Extension
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Southern Extension in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Western Terrace
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Western Terrace in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Citadel of Newfield Well
Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) · Early Bronze Age
Citadel of Newfield Well in Somerset, South West England, United Kingdom is a Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) fortress attributed to Early Bronze Age culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Fortress
Ard Bury Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Ard Bury Fortress in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Fortress
Citadel of Barrow Tall
Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) · Jōmon
Citadel of Barrow Tall in Paphos District, Cyprus is a Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) fortress attributed to Jōmon culture.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Fortress
Citadel of Narrow-Moat
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Citadel of Narrow-Moat in Piauí, Brazil is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) fortress attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.
🇲🇲 Myanmar · Fortress
Fortress of Pictograph Kala
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Fortress of Pictograph Kala in Magway Region, Myanmar is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield in Petén, Guatemala is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇮🇷 Iran · Tell
Tepe Hasanlu Level IVB — Burnt Citadel East Annex
Iron Age II (1000–800 BCE) burned 800 BCE · Mannaean / Urartean–related Hasanlu
Tepe Hasanlu Level IVB — Burnt Citadel East Annex in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran is a Iron Age II (1000–800 BCE) burned 800 BCE tell attributed to Mannaean / Urartean–related Hasanlu.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
High Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
High Fortress in Homs Governorate, Syria is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Fortress
Citadel of Eilean
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Eilean in Preah Vihear, Cambodia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Pikillacta — Wari Planned Citadel Cuzco Basin
Wari (550–1100 CE) Cuzco expansion · Wari
Lucre Pikillacta excavated by McEwan 1990s, only Wari city completed, abandoned 1100.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Eastern Outlier
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Eastern Outlier in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Fortress of Kurgan Ton
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kurgan Ton in Catamarca, Argentina is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Citadel of Henthorn
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Citadel of Henthorn in Andalusia, Spain is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Panel Golden Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Panel Golden Fortress in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Fortress
Citadel of Moor
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Moor in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Fortress of Long Kala
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Fortress of Long Kala in Petén, Guatemala is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Citadel of Baraka
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Citadel of Baraka in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.