🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Kingdom of Benin
The Kingdom of Benin or Empire of Benin, also known as Great Benin, is a traditional kingdom in southern Nigeria.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Borobudur Terrace Pyramid South — Nubia (Khartoum)
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Local Neolithic
Borobudur Terrace Pyramid South in Nubia, Nigeria is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) earthwork attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Paramonga Fortress Pyramid
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age
Paramonga Fortress Pyramid in Nubia, Nigeria is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) earthwork attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Sine-Saloum Shell Midden South
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Local Neolithic
Sine-Saloum Shell Midden South in Nok Valley, Nigeria is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) earthwork attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Zaria City Walls
Early Kano to Sokoto (14th–19th c. CE; peak 16th–18th c.) · Hausa (Zazzau) / Fulani
Zaria City Walls (Birnin Zaria) are Hausa Kingdom of Zazzau's 14th-c. mud walls 14 km circuit encircling Zau Zau hill and Emir's palace, founded by Queen Amina legend but archaeologically Sarkin…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Ancient Kano City Walls
Hausa Kingdom of Kano to Sokoto (1095–1807 CE; peak 14th–18th c.) · Hausa (Kano)
Ancient Kano City Walls (Badala) are West Africa's most impressive earthwork: 14 km main wall, 10 m high with 40 m base and moat, plus outer and inner walls totalling 40 km, founded 1095 CE by…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Benin City Walls (Iya)
Early to Late Edo Kingdom (800–1897 CE; peak 13th–16th c) · Edo (Bini) / Igodomigodo → Kingdom of Benin
16,000 km of ramparts and 20 m high ditch-bank earthworks enclosing 6,500 km² – world's longest pre-mechanical earthwork.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Birnin Gazargamu
Late Medieval Kanem–Bornu (1460–1808 CE) · Kanuri (Kanem–Bornu)
Birnin Gazargamu (1460–1808) was Kanem–Bornu Empire capital, 6.5 km earthen walls 5 m high enclosing palace mound, great mosque 100×50 m and 200 compound mounds on Yo/ Kamadugu Yobe. 15th-c.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Old Oyo (Oyo-Ile)
Yoruba Oyo Empire (14th–1835 CE; capital 16th–1835) · Yoruba (Oyo)
Old Oyo (Oyo-Ile, Katunga) is the 16th–19th c. capital of Oyo Empire, 10 km triple earthen walls enclosing 6,000 ha savanna plain with 17 palace compounds (Kobi), council houses and reservoirs.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Rim and Mai Hills
Kanem-Bornu to Kano (13th–18th c.) · Kanuri / Hausa
Paired frontier hills with 3 km refuge walls and indigo pits (50).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Sungbo's Eredo (Ogun) – Yoruba's 160-km Earthwork Rampart
Late Iron Age / Yoruba (Ijebu) · Ijebu Yoruba (Oloye Bilikisu Sungbo tradition)
Largest single monument in Africa: 160 km curvilinear ditch-and-bank snaking 20 m deep through rainforest around medieval Ijebu kingdom (800–1000 CE, Darling charcoal).