🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock-cut
Deir el-Bersha Quarry and Nomarch Tombs
Old to Middle Kingdom (2600–1650 BCE) · Egyptian (Hare Nome)
Nomarch tombs and quarry road with colossus-on-sledge painting (1900 BCE).
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock-cut
Touna el-Gebel
Late Period to Roman (600 BCE–300 CE) · Egyptian / Greco-Roman
Hermopolis necropolis with 1-million ibis catacombs and Petosiris fusion tomb.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Mati Si East Grottoes — Sunan Upper Cliff Temples
Sixteen Kingdoms to Yuan · Northern Liang, Tibetan, Uyghur, Western Xia Tangut, Mongol
Sunan east conglomerate cliffs 12 caves with 33 Heavens 7-storey pagoda and pillar hall, 420 CE–Yuan.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Longmen West Hillside Grottoes — Luoyang Yi River West Cliffs
Northern Wei to Song · Northern Wei, Sui, Tang cosmopolitan
Luoyang west bank core with Guyang 493 earliest cave 800 inscriptions and Binyang pagoda, Northern Wei–Tang.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Tiantangshan (Weizi Mountain) Grottoes — Quyang Hebei
Northern Dynasties to Tang (Northern Qi 550–577 peak) · North China Buddhist imperial patronage (Qi and Tang)
Quyang white-marble mountain 12 caves 550–750 CE South Cave Vairocana, quarry-monastery.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Sagalassos
Hellenistic to Early Byzantine (classical antiquity to c.640 CE earthquake) · Pisidian → Hellenistic → Roman Imperial → Byzantine
Pisidian highland Roman city at 1,600 m with restored Antonine Nymphaeum and cliff theatre.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Rock-Cut Tombs of Bryn Thornby
Nazca (100 BCE–800 CE) · Nazca
Rock-Cut Tombs of Bryn Thornby in Central Anatolia, Turkey is a Nazca (100 BCE–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Nazca culture.
🇬🇷 Greece · Rock-cut
Moss Cairn Rock-Cut Complex
Moche (100–800 CE) · Moche
Moss Cairn Rock-Cut Complex in Thessaly, Greece is a Moche (100–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Moche culture.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Tianlongshan Cave 8 — Manshan Pavilion Buddha Sanctuary
Eastern Wei to Tang (534 – 750 CE) · Buddhist Northern dynasties under Gao Qi and Tang
Cave 8 Manshan Buddha 3.6 m of Northern Qi–Tang on western slope.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Longmen Binyang Central Cave — Mt Long Gate Middle Grotto Sanctuary
Northern Wei to Tang (493 – 750 CE) · Buddhist imperial Luoyang under Empress Dowager Hu
Central Binyang 11 m Buddha of Northern Wei Emperor Xuanwu at Yi Gorge.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Ayanis
Late Urartian Kingdom (early 7th century BCE) · Urartian (Biainili) late imperial
Rusa II's earthquake-collapsed Haldi temple-fortress with 4,000 bronze votives frozen mid-repair.
🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Archaeological wonder
Perperikon Thracian Rock City
Chalcolithic to Late Antiquity (5000 BCE – 400 CE; rock city peak 1500–500 BCE) · Thracian (Bessi tribe) to Roman and Byzantine
Rocky massif on the Perperek gold–bearing ridge where Thracians carved a palace-temple complex into the living rock: hall of prophecies claimed as the sanctuary of Dionysus visited by Alexander…