🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Burgh Rock-Cut Complex
Moche (100–800 CE) · Moche
Burgh Rock-Cut Complex in Sicily, Italy is a Moche (100–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Moche culture.
🇮🇱 Israel · Rock-cut
Rock-Cut Tombs of Aber Broch
Roman (300 BCE–500 CE) · Roman
Rock-Cut Tombs of Aber Broch in Negev, Israel is a Roman (300 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Roman culture.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Rock-cut
Kimberley Wandjina Spirit Panel West
Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) · Classical
Kimberley Wandjina Spirit Panel West in Oaxaca, Mexico is a Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Classical culture.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Bingling (Binglingsi) Grottoes
Sixteen Kingdoms to Ming ~420–1644 CE · Northwestern Chinese Buddhist (Western Qin to Tibetan)
Yellow River cliff grotto accessible only by boat, bearing China's earliest dated 420 CE inscription.
🇦🇺 Australia · Rock-cut
Pushkarini Tank Steps North — Kimberley (Broome)
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Local Neolithic
Pushkarini Tank Steps North in Kimberley, Australia is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) rock_cut attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ellora Cave 10 — Vishwakarma Chaitya
Rashtrakuta (650–700 CE) · Buddhist (Mahayana final Buddhist at Ellora)
Ellora Cave 10 — Vishwakarma Chaitya in Maharashtra, India is a Rashtrakuta (650–700 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist (Mahayana final Buddhist at Ellora).
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Burrup Peninsula Engraving East
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age
Burrup Peninsula Engraving East in Dordogne, France is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇮🇹 Italy · Ancient village
Castelluccio Di Noto — Bronze Age Site
Early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BCE) · Castelluccio culture
Castelluccio Di Noto — Bronze Age Site in Sicily, Italy is a Early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BCE) ancient-village attributed to Castelluccio culture.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Cave Monastery Cell South
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Medieval
Cave Monastery Cell South in Tamil Nadu, India is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) rock_cut attributed to Medieval culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Tlos — Rock Tombs Eastern Extension
Lycian–Roman (500 BCE–200 CE) · Lycian (Tlos was Lycia capital)
Tlos — Rock Tombs Eastern Extension in Muğla Province, Turkey is a Lycian–Roman (500 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Lycian (Tlos was Lycia capital).
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Bhaja Caves — Karla Adjacent Hinayana Monastery
Satavahana (200 BCE–200 CE) · Buddhist Hinayana
Bhaja Caves — Karla Adjacent Hinayana Monastery in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (200 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Hinayana.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Lenyadri (Ganesh Lena) — Junnar Caves 5–8
Satavahana (100 BCE–300 CE) · Buddhist; now Hindu Ganesh shrine
Lenyadri (Ganesh Lena) — Junnar Caves 5–8 in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist; now Hindu Ganesh shrine.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Udayagiri Caves 5–6 — Vidisha Vishnu Complex
Gupta (380–415 CE Chandragupta II) · Gupta Hindu (Vishnu)
Udayagiri Caves 5–6 — Vidisha Vishnu Complex in Madhya Pradesh, India is a Gupta (380–415 CE Chandragupta II) rock_cut attributed to Gupta Hindu (Vishnu).
🇯🇴 Jordan · Rock-cut
Petra — Al Khazneh Treasury Annex Tombs
Nabataean (1st c. BCE–1st c. CE; Treasury c.56 BCE Aretas IV) · Nabataean
Siq-end Treasury excavated by Horsfield 1929 and recent, empty tombs, annex row with loculi and triclinia.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock-cut
Deir el-Bersha Quarry and Nomarch Tombs
Old to Middle Kingdom (2600–1650 BCE) · Egyptian (Hare Nome)
Nomarch tombs and quarry road with colossus-on-sledge painting (1900 BCE).
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Kondane Caves — Karjat Monastery
Satavahana (100 BCE) · Buddhist Hinayana
Kondane Caves — Karjat Monastery in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Hinayana.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis
Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) · Lycian
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Lycian. Outer sarcophagi field beyond theatre of Kyaneai with 100+ sarcophagi.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae
Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) · Aksumite
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae in Tigray Region, Ethiopia is a Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Aksumite.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Tianlongshan Grottoes — Southern Peak South Caves
Eastern Wei–Northern Qi–Tang (Six Dynasties to Tang) · Eastern Wei Xianbei sinicized; Tang Shanxi Buddhist
Shanxi 25 caves 534–907: south peak Cave 11 Maitreya assembly with thin-line and Japanese-return Bodhisattva.
🇮🇷 Iran · Rock-cut
Karaftu Caves — Heraclean Greek Inscription
Hellenistic–Parthian (Seleucid to Mithridates I) · Seleucid Greek–Iranian magus syncretism (Heracles–Verethragna)
Zagros cave 4 triple chambers with koine 'Heracles rests here' inscription 3rd–1st BCE and spring cistern.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Yungang Grottoes — Western Caves Extension (Caves 26–40)
Northern Dynasties (Northern Wei late) · Tuoba Wei (Xianbei) Buddhist with Han artisan school
UNESCO Yungang western 15-cave zone 494–525 with central-pillar and collapsed colossus.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Matisi Grottoes — Southern Sunan Secondary Cliff
Sixteen Kingdoms to Tang (Northern Liang 420 peak) · Hexi Corridor mixed Han–Tibetan Buddhist (Juqu Mengxun lineage)
Mati Si southern 12-cave cliff 420 CE Thousand-Buddha with hoof-print legend and hanging plankway.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Kizil Caves — Western Valley Extension (Western Kizil)
Early Medieval Central Asian (Tocharian B) · Tocharian Buddhist (Kucha Kingdom) with Gandhara influence
Kucha Tocharian western 42-cave valley 400–700 CE diamond ceilings and lapis blue, German-removal archive.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Southern Extension
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Southern Extension in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.