🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Tomebamba (Pumapungo)
Late Horizon Inca Imperial 1490–1533 CE · Inca (Tomebamba Cañari–Inca)
Huayna Cápac's northern capital second to Cuzco: Pumapungo 40 ha palace, kallanka and 300 m aqueduct under modern Cuenca.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient city
Complex of Hue Monuments
Nguyen dynasty 1802–1945 · Vietnamese (Kinh) Nguyen
Nguyen dynasty capital (1802–1945) and last imperial city of Vietnam inside 10 km vauban-style citadel (Kinh Thanh, 1804–1832, 2.5×2.5 km square with 4 m thick bastioned walls copied from French…
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
Gaochang to Yuan 500–1300 CE · Uyghur Buddhist (ancient Uyghur–Tocharian)
Turpan depression Uyghur Buddhist cliff with 77 donor-portrait caves below sea level.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Gre Fılla
PPNA to Early PPNB · Upper Tigris PPN (Göbekli sphere northern fringe)
Upper Tigris PPNA village with three T-pillar buildings and skull cult, salvage-saved from Ambar Dam.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Togolok-21 Temple-Fortress
Gonur / Togolok phase BMAC 2300–1700 BCE · Bactria–Margiana (Oxus) civilization
BMAC (Bactria–Margiana) monumental temple-fortress (c.2300–1700 BCE) on Murghab alluvium, satellite of Gonur Tepe, built of mud-brick with central fortified court 30×40 m, fire temple, part of Viktor…
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Vitcos-Rosaspata
Late Horizon Inca Resistance 1536–1572 · Inca (Neo-Inca State)
Inca Vilcabamba resistance capital: Rosaspata palace, Yurak Rumi 2.5 m white shrine and Ñusta Hispana.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Pyramid
Tikal Temple VI (Temple of the Inscriptions)
Late Classic (Tepeu 2) · Maya (Tikal dynasty)
Tikal Temple VI — 12 m pyramid with 12 m roof comb bearing 180-glyph history text of Tikal 766 CE, SE causeway terminus.
🇵🇪 Peru · Archaeological wonder
Chankillo — Second Thirteen Towers Sector
Early Horizon–Early Intermediate Casma Sechín 250–200 BCE · Casma/Sechín (Punkurí tradition)
Second Thirteen Towers line 400 m east of famous solar observatory, with observing building and bastions.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Uxmal – Pyramid of the Magician
Late Classic to Postclassic Puuc (600–1000 CE) · Maya (Puuc)
Iconic rounded-corner Puuc pyramid 40 m high with oval base 46 × 37 m, steep west stair 150 steps at 60°, five superimposed temples (Temple I-V) built over 600 years: Chenes then Puuc.
🇮🇷 Iran · Pyramid
Ziggurat of Tepe Musiyan (Deh Luran)
Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age (Uruk to ED) · Proto-Elamite / Jemdet Nasr
Early highland proto-ziggurat at Tepe Musiyan, Deh Luran — 50×70 m oval platform c.3100 BCE linking Uruk Susiana to Elamite highland terraces.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Pyramid
Uaxactún Group E Observatory (E-Group)
Middle Preclassic to Late Classic (1000 BCE–900 CE; E-Group 600–300 BCE) · Maya (Preclassic then Tikal sphere)
Type-site of Mesoamerican E-Group solar observatory: western radial pyramid E-VII (Late Preclassic 500 BCE) aligning via three eastern platforms to sunrise solstices/equinoxes, deliberate horizon…
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Udayagiri and Khandagiri Jain Caves
Kalinga (Maha-Meghavahana) early historic · Jain (Digambara) / Royal Kalinga
Earliest Jain monastic caves in eastern India (2nd c. BCE–2nd c. CE) on twin sandstone hills near Bhubaneswar — 33 caves on Udayagiri and Khandagiri — excavated under Kalinga king Kharavela (c.40…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Hormiguero Structure II Pyramid (Chenés)
Late Classic Maya (Chenés) · Maya (Chenés / Río Bec)
Chenés monster-mouth pyramid Structure II at Hormiguero — 12 m stepped pyramid with 6 m Witz doorway c.600–850 CE.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Comalcalco — North Plaza
Late Classic Maya 600–900 CE · Maya (Chontal-Jaina, Gulf)
Northern brick barrio of only brick-built Maya city: three temples with stamped oyster-shell bricks on swamp platform.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid
Late Formative (Zacatenco–Cuicuilco phases 800 BCE–150 CE; pyramid 400–150 BCE) · Central Mexican Formative (Cuicuilco)
Only circular pyramid in Basin of Mexico: 4-tiered terraced circular platform 135 m diameter, 25 m high (originally 27 m) with ramp-spiral stair ascending clockwise, built 400–150 BCE (late…
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna
Moche (Mochica) 100–800 CE (Huaca de la Luna 100–600 CE; Sol 450–600 CE peak) · Moche (Moche culture)
Twin massive adobe pyramid complexes of Moche state (100–800 CE): Huaca del Sol 43 m high (185 × 41 m base, largest pre-Columbian adobe mass in Americas, 143 million bricks stamped with maker's…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Plazuelas — Second Sector (Casas Tapadas)
Epiclassic Bajío 600–900 CE · Bajío (Peralta/Plazuelas tradition)
Second sector of Guanajuato ballcourt city with petroglyph boulder field and U-pyramid 12 m.
🇮🇹 Italy · Megalith
Monte d'Accoddi
Late Neolithic – Early Bronze Age, Ozieri/Abealzu-Filigosa (~4000–2700 BCE) · Ozieri (Late Neolithic Sardinian)
Mysterious 36-by-29-m truncated step pyramid of limestone fill on the Sardinian plain, accessed via a 42-m ramp to a summit altar where sacrifice deposits and a sandstone menhir were found.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Cantona Norte Acropolis
Classic–Epiclassic 200–1000 CE · Cantona (Olmeca-Xicalanca hybrid)
Northern acropolis of largest pre-Hispanic highland city: 20 terraces, 12 ballcourts and 700 m paved causeways on malpaís.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Labyrinth of Hawara
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty c.1860–1814 BCE · Ancient Egyptian (Amenemhat III)
Herodotus's 3000-room labyrinth beside Faiyum now rubble field.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Los Guachimontones (Teuchitlán Tradition)
Late Formative–Early Classic Teuchitlán 350 BCE–400 CE · Teuchitlán tradition (Western Mexico)
Mesoamerica's only circular pyramids: nine concentric guachimontones with shaft tombs and Tequila volcano obsidian.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Mount Nemrut (Nemrut Dağı)
Hellenistic Commagene (c.62 BCE under Antiochos I Theos) · Commagenian (Armenian/Greek/Persian syncretic) Hellenistic
Hierotheseion (tomb-sanctuary) of Antiochos I of Commagene (69–34 BCE), Nemrut Dağı tops 2,150 m peak with 50 m tumulus of crushed rock surrounded by three terraces bearing 8–10 m colossal seated…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Sefer Tepe
PPNA · Taş Tepeler PPN
Taş Tepeler T-pillar quarry hill with unfinished 5 m blanks still attached to bedrock.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Temple complex
Beng Mealea
Angkor Early–Classical transition · Hindu (Vishnu? Shaiva debated)
Unrestored jungle-strangled temple-city (early 12th c., possibly Suryavarman I–Suryavarman II transition, ~1110–1120) at 110×120 m moated eastern face now collapsed into rubble choked by silk-cotton…