🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Besshatyr East Sholak Foothills Mounds (Sholak Foothill Promontory)
Saka (550–380 BCE) · Semirechye Saka
Promontory outliers on southwestern Sholak foothill piedmont (745 m) 5 km east of Besshatyr core (674 m Silkadv).
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas Ili North Terrace — Kurty Shore Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Dzungar to Kazakh (1500 BCE – 1900 CE) · Oirat Mongol (Buddhist) and earlier Andronovo/Kazakh nomad
North-bank Ili terrace with Bronze Age carts and Kazakh tamgas opposite Buddhist cliffs.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas II Upper Cliff Petroglyphs
Late Bronze to Dzungar · Wusun, Turkic, Mongol-Oirat, Tibetan Buddhist
Upper limestone cliff 35 m above the Ili left bank at Tamgaly-Tas (Kapchagai), 800 m upstream from the famous 17th-century Tibetan Buddhist panels.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly-Tas III Upper Terrace Ili Petroglyphs
Early Nomadic · Saka, Wusun, Kangju
Upper second terrace 500 m inland with Saka animal style settlement context.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Besshatyr Central Row Mound 8 (Besshatyr Row 1 Mound 8, Altyn-Emel)
Early Saka Semirechye (590 BCE) — Besshatyr central row · Saka Semirechye (Issyk–Besshatyr eastern Saka)
72 m semi-royal central row mound 8 at 640 m: larch chamber 89 gold + burnt outer house, linking south/north dynasty rows.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Besshatyr Royal Necropolis (Royal Mound 6 — Altyn-Emel, Semirechye)
Early Iron Age (Saka, 600–400 BCE) · Saka of Semirechye (Issyk–Besshatyr, eastern Saka)
31-mound Saka royal necropolis (600–400 BCE) — Ili River's 'Five Tents' with 105-m royal mound and log house.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Besshatyr South Row Kurgans (Besshatyr Southern Alignment)
Early Saka (Tiglaxaus vs Saka Tigraxauda) · Saka (Saka Tigraxauda) royal
Besshatyr south row: 6 royal kurgans (52–78 m) 500 m south of northern royal row, Altyn-Emel.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly II Central Gorge Petroglyphs
Late Bronze Age to Early Medieval · Andronovo, Saka, Wusun, Turkic
Central tributary gorge of the Tamgaly (Tanbaly) UNESCO landscape 170 km NW Almaty, comprising 4.5 km of northwest-facing Chu-Ili schist panels with ~800 engravings.