🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Udayagiri Caves
Gupta Classical (Chandragupta II to Kumaragupta) 320–550 CE · Gupta
Gupta’s open-air bible — 20 sandstone caves with Varaha (402 CE) and Durga, Chandragupta II's inscriptions on Udayagiri Hill.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Dunhuang — Mogao Cave 96 Ancillary Corridor
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Dunhuang — Mogao Cave 96 Ancillary Corridor in Gansu, Dunhuang, Mogao, China is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Rock-cut trad…
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Ellora Caves
Late classical: Kalachuri, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta periods 600–1000 CE · Buddhist, Hindu (Shaiva), Jain under Rashtrakuta patronage
Largest rock-cut monastery-temple complex in world with 34 caves carved 600–1000 CE into basalt Charanandri Hills: 12 Buddhist, 17 Hindu, 5 Jain, including monolithic Kailasa Temple (Cave 16)…
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Pantalica Anaktoron South Necropolis Ridge — Eastern Outlier
Late Bronze Age (1300-800 BCE) · Sicel Culture
Pantalica Anaktoron South Necropolis Ridge — Eastern Outlier in Sicily, Syracuse, Italy is a Late Bronze Age (1300-800 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sicel Culture.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Eastern Outlier
Medieval (1100-1300 CE) · Zagwe
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Eastern Outlier in Amhara, Lalibela, Ethiopia is a Medieval (1100-1300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Zagwe.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Northern Annex
Medieval (1100-1300 CE) · Zagwe
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Northern Annex in Amhara, Lalibela, Ethiopia is a Medieval (1100-1300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Zagwe.
🇮🇹 Italy · Megalith
Domus de Janas of Anghelu Ruju
Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age · Ozieri (San Michele) → Beaker → Bonnannaro → Nuragic
Largest Sardinian Domus de Janas necropolis — 38 rock-cut chamber tombs with bull-horn carvings, 4200-2600 BCE.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Calaforno Hypogeum — Monterosso
Early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BCE) · Sicilian Castelluccio
Calaforno Hypogeum — Monterosso in Sicily, Italy is a Early Bronze Age (2200–1500 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sicilian Castelluccio.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Pantalica — Rock-Cut Necropolis
Late Bronze to Iron Age (1300–650 BCE) · Sikel (Siculi)
Pantalica — Rock-Cut Necropolis in Sicily, Italy is a Late Bronze to Iron Age (1300–650 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sikel (Siculi).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Hasankeyf — New Town Rock-Cut Tombs (Old Town Roman Bridge Foot)
Roman to Artuqid (200 BCE–1400 CE); tombs Roman · Roman / Artuqid
Tigris cliff town rescue excavations 2000–19, Roman tombs and Artuqid palaces now under Ilısu Lake with relocated Zeynel Bey tomb.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Mandapeshwar Cave — Borivali
Gupta–Kalachuri (530 CE) · Shaivite Hindu (Brahmanical)
Mandapeshwar Cave — Borivali in Maharashtra, India is a Gupta–Kalachuri (530 CE) rock_cut attributed to Shaivite Hindu (Brahmanical).
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Karla Caves
Hinayana Buddhist, Satavahana period 2nd c. BCE – 2nd c. CE · Buddhist (Theravada) merchants and Satavahana dynasty
India's largest Buddhist chaitya hall (45 m) with original timber ribs, 1st c. BCE–CE.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ranigumpha — Khandagiri Rear Cave Cluster
Mauryan to Gupta (200 BCE–500 CE) · Jain (Kharavela)
Ranigumpha — Khandagiri Rear Cave Cluster in Odisha, India is a Mauryan to Gupta (200 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Jain (Kharavela).
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Manmodi Hill Caves — Junnar
Satavahana (100 BCE–200 CE) · Buddhist
Manmodi Hill Caves — Junnar in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist. 40 Buddhist caves on Manmodi hill opposite Shivneri with chaityas and viharas.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Cassibile Rock-Cut Necropolis
Iron Age (1000–700 BCE) · Sikel
Cassibile Rock-Cut Necropolis in Sicily, Italy is a Iron Age (1000–700 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sikel. 180+ chamber tombs along Cassibile river gorge cliffs.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Western Terrace
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Western Terrace in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Eastern Outlier
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Eastern Outlier in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Western Terrace
Medieval (1100-1300 CE) · Zagwe
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Western Terrace in Amhara, Lalibela, Ethiopia is a Medieval (1100-1300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Zagwe.
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Northern Annex
Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Northern Annex in Provence, Vaucluse, France is a Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Chalcolithic.
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II
Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II in Provence, Vaucluse, France is a Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Chalcolithic.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Midas City (Yazılıkaya) — Buried Facade North (Phrygia)
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Midas City (Yazılıkaya) — Buried Facade North (Phrygia) in Eskişehir, Yazılıkaya, Midas City, Turkey is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut att…
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ajanta — Cave 17 Veranda Niche Painting
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Ajanta — Cave 17 Veranda Niche Painting in Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Ajanta, India is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Rock-cut…
🇸🇾 Syria · Rock-cut
Qatna — Royal Hypogeum Antechamber East
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Qatna — Royal Hypogeum Antechamber East in Homs, Tell Mishrifeh, Qatna, Syria is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Rock-cut tra…