🇦🇲 Armenia · Rock art
Areni-1 Bird Cave South — Aghavnadzor Secondary Chamber
Chalcolithic to Medieval (4000 BCE – 1400 CE) · Kura-Araxes to medieval Armenian
South annex with Chalcolithic finger flutings and secondary grape press pit.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Moundville Archaeological Park
Mississippian 1000–1450 CE, apogee 1200–1350 CE · Mississippian (ancestral Choctaw/Chickasaw)
29-mound plaza center with grand chief's platform mound above Black Warrior River.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Cairnbaan Cup and Ring Marks
Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age · Kilmartin Late Neolithic
Cup-and-ring schist panels above Kilmartin Glen with >100 carvings, c.3000 BCE.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Maijishan Grottoes
Sixteen Kingdoms to Tang ~384–907 CE · Chinese Buddhist Northern Dynasties
Stacked-cliff wheat-plant-shaped grotto city with 7,200 sculptures on bolted plank galleries.
🇮🇳 India · Rock art
Edakkal Hill Petroglyph Caves Wayanad
Neolithic to Iron Age (6000–1000 BCE) · South Indian Neolithic-Iron Age
Edakkal Cleft – natural rock fissure 96×22 ft at 1,200m on Edakkal Hill (Ambukuthi mala) with dense pecked petroglyphs: human stick, dog, wheel, bow, star, script-like symbols and 5,000+ figures.
🇨🇳 China · Rock-cut
Mogao Northern Caves — Dunhuang Oasis North Cliff Monastic Cells
Sixteen Kingdoms to Yuan (366 – 1368 CE) northern cells 960–1300 · Buddhist monastic Dunhuang oasis international
North cliff austere monastic cells 1000–1300 CE opposite southern painted scripture halls.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Leilan (Shubat-Enlil)
Early Bronze to Old Assyrian · Akkadian → Amorite Assyrian
Akkadian provincial capital turned Assyrian royal city Shubat-Enlil (Shamshi-Adad I c.1813–1791 BCE), with 90 ha walled city, Akkadian palace on Acropolis, and the Weiss 4.2ka climate event…
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock art
Wadi Hammamat Petroglyphs Eastern Desert
Predynastic to Islamic (4000 BCE–1000 CE) · Predynastic Egyptian and later quarrying expeditions
Wadi Hammamat – Eastern Desert wadi between Nile and Red Sea dense with 5,000+ petroglyphs (Predynastic hunters, 4000 BCE ostrich boats, Pharaonic quarrying inscriptions Old Kingdom–Roman).
🇨🇳 China · Pyramid
Cave Sanctuary Pyramid 11 — China Region 11
Period Neolithic · Regional culture Pyramid-Variant
Cave Sanctuary Pyramid 11 — China Region 11 in China Region 11, China is a Neolithic pyramid with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Fortress Citadel Submerged 117 — Turkey Region 9
Period Classical · Regional culture Submerged-Variant
Fortress Citadel Submerged 117 — Turkey Region 9 in Turkey Region 9, Turkey is a Neolithic submerged-city with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇮🇷 Iran · Tell
Gohar Tepe
Bronze to Iron Age (c.2500 BCE–800 BCE; peak 2000–1500 BCE) · Caspian Bronze → Iron I (Amlash–Hasanlu sphere)
Gohar Tepe near the Caspian is the largest Bronze–Iron mound in Mazandaran — 50 ha with stratigraphy ca.2500 BCE to Iron I, revealing Caspian–Central Asian bron...
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Tumulus
Geoglyph Panel Africa 31 — Ethiopia Region 7
Period Late Holocene · Regional culture Africa-Tumulus
Geoglyph Panel Africa 31 — Ethiopia Region 7 in Ethiopia Region 7, Ethiopia is a Neolithic tumulus with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇺🇸 United States · Rock art
Painted Rock Petroglyph Site
Archaic through Hohokam 7500 BCE–1400 CE · Hohokam and Archaic–Patayan
4,000-petroglyph basalt concentration, 7500 BCE–1400 CE.
🇮🇹 Italy · Buried city
Hydraulic Reservoir Buried 66 — Italy Region 6
Period Medieval · Regional culture Buried-Variant
Hydraulic Reservoir Buried 66 — Italy Region 6 in Italy Region 6, Italy is a Bronze Age buried-city with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇮🇹 Italy · Temple complex
Tumulus Cemetery Europe 110 — Italy Region 2
Period Neolithic · Regional culture Europe-Temple
Tumulus Cemetery Europe 110 — Italy Region 2 in Italy Region 2, Italy is a Bronze Age temple-complex with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur
Chola 1003–1010 CE · Hindu (Shaiva, Tamil Chola)
Chola granite imperial vimana 66 m still tallest pre-modern; capstone ramp mystery.
🇮🇹 Italy · Buried city
Dolmen Avenue Buried 120 — Italy Region 12
Period Classical · Regional culture Buried-Variant
Dolmen Avenue Buried 120 — Italy Region 12 in Italy Region 12, Italy is a Neolithic buried-city with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Pyramid
Pyramid of Neferirkare
Old Kingdom, 5th Dynasty mid · Ancient Egyptian
Tallest 5th Dynasty pyramid at Abusir (Neferirkare Kakai): left in stepped form, source of the main Abusir Papyri archive.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Walata — Medieval Ksar and Manuscript City
Ghana to Mali to Songhai medieval (11th c. CE foundation; 14th c. peak Ibn Battuta 1352) · Soninke → Berber → Mali Empire caravan scholars
Walata occupied 1000–, Ibn Battuta 1352, manuscript ksar.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Cival
Middle Preclassic 900 BCE–300 BCE to Late Preclassic 300 BCE–250 CE · Maya (Holmul region Preclassic)
Early Holmul River city 40 km E of Tikal: North Acropolis Triadic Group I with colossal stucco masks (200 BCE) and 335 m E-Group, extensively excavated by Estrada-Belli Vanderbilt-BU.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Cave
Shanidar Cave
Middle Palaeolithic to Neolithic (c.80,000–9000 BP; Neanderthal Layer D c.70–50 ka) · Mousterian Neanderthal → Baradostian → Zarzian → Neolithic
Zagros Neanderthal cave (80 ka) with nine burials including 'flower burial' Shanidar 4.
EG · Submerged site
Myos Hormos – Quseir al-Qadim Roman Red Sea Harbour
Ptolemaic precursor? Then Augustan to Roman (26 BCE – 3rd c. CE; Ayyubid reuse 11th–13th) · Roman Egyptian / Indo-Roman
Augustan Red Sea short-cut harbour — lagoon 800 m behind reef at Quseir, silted 1 m, abandoned 3rd c. for southern Berenike.
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Shicras North Platform
Late Archaic Preceramic 3000–1800 BCE, Norte Chico Caral-Supe tradition · Norte Chico (Caral-Supe, Late Preceramic)
North Platform 600 m north of main Shicras pyramid at Chancay Valley: 10 m high stepped platform 35×30 m built with shicra woven bags filled with river cobbles (ancient construction textile…
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Temple complex
Angkor Wat
Khmer Empire, early Angkor period 1113–1150 CE · Khmer (Hindu then Theravada Buddhist)
Vishnuite then Buddhist temple-mountain and world's largest religious monument (162.6 ha), built early 12th century by Suryavarman II as state temple and center of Khmer Empire; oriented west with…