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🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Late Bronze Age to Iron Age (c.1400–717 BCE) with Neolithic–Medieval overburden · Hittite viceregal → Neo-Hittite Luwian/Aramaean
Syro-Hittite capital on Euphrates (90 ha twin-mound, basalt orthostats, Storm-God reliefs) at Turkey–Syria border.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
EBA through Iron III; Iron Age capital phase · Amuq EBA → Syro-Hittite Luwian-Aramaean Pattin → Assyrian Kinalua
Neo-Hittite capital of Pattin (20 ha double city) on Orontes — Bit-Hilani palaces, colossal Syro-Hittite sculpture and Luwian inscriptions, now cotton-buried lower town.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
EBA through Iron Age; MBA peak · Yamhad (Aleppo) vassal; Syro-Hittite → Assyrian
MBA palace city (Zalwar?) with basalt lion gate, cuneiform archive and planned lower town — Yamhad-period vassal capital in Islahiye corridor.
