🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Maitland's Mesa Kite Enclosure (Maitland's Hillfort Mesa)
PPNB to Late Neolithic · Harrat pastoral foragers
Historic type-site where RAF pilot Maitland coined 'desert kite' (1927): 11 kites and cairn chain on basalt mesa.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Earthwork
Carn Ingli Hillfort
Iron Age (c.500 BCE–100 CE) with Bronze Age cairn · Iron Age Welsh (Demetae) / Early Medieval
Rocky tor-top hillfort (343 m) above Newport — stone-rampart contour fort with hut circles on Mynydd Carningli.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Pashash
Early Intermediate – Middle Horizon (c.200 BCE–800 CE) Recuay – Wari · Recuay (Pashash) – Wari
Pashash crowns a defensible mesa above Cabana in the northern Callejón, Ancash, at 3,225 m. As the,type-capital of the Recuay-Pashash culture (200 BCE–800 CE), its stone palace-fortress encloses…
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Bilsk Hillfort – Gelonus
Early Iron Age, Scythian period · Scythian-agrarian (Budini, possibly Geloni Greeks per Herodotus)
4,400-ha 7th-c. BCE Scythian mega-hillfort—largest in Europe, Herodotus's wooden Gelonus candidate.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Earthwork
Hill of Tara
Neolithic to Early Medieval (c.3400 BCE–1200 CE) · Neolithic → Iron Age La Tène → Early Medieval Gaelic
Ireland's paramount ceremonial landscape (142 ha) — Neolithic tomb, Lia Fáil kingship stone and Iron Age royal enclosure complex.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Earthwork
Grianan of Aileach
Iron Age to Early Medieval (c.1000 BCE–1100 CE) · Iron Age Gaelic → Early Medieval Uí Néill
Donegal hilltop royal cashel (23.5 m diameter) on Greenan Mountain — northern Uí Néill kingship inauguration fort.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Zinchecra
Iron Age Saharan (900 BCE–200 CE) · Proto-Garamantian / Garamantian
80-m black-capped mesa hillfort 900–400 BCE pre-Garamantian stone rampart enclosing 2-ha citadel.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Earthwork
Mežotne Hillfort on the Lielupe
Viking Age to Middle Ages (9th–13th c.) · Semigallian / Livonian Order
Mežotne Hillfort on the Lielupe in Zemgale, Bauska Municipality, Mežotne on Lielupe, Latvia is a Viking Age to Middle Ages (9th–13th c.) Semigallian / Livonian Order site built 9th c.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Hillfort
Monastyrok
Late Chalcolithic Trypillia C1–C2 (3600–3400 BCE) Galicia · Cucuteni-Trypillia C1 Galicia–Podolia (Usatovo contact)
Monastyrok — Trypillia C1 hillfort (c.3600–3400 BCE, 3 ha, fortified promontory) on Seret River above Dniester, Chortkiv, Galicia–Podolia.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Spruce Hill Earthworks
Middle Woodland / Late Woodland debated · Hopewell tradition or Fort Ancient tradition
Hilltop stone-walled enclosure 42 ha above Paint Creek; Hopewell vs Fort Ancient debate.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Kajuru Hill Settlement
Iron Age to Late Medieval (500 BCE–1800 CE) · Nok–Koro–Atyap continuum
Kajuru Hills are dramatic inselberg hillforts above southern Kaduna plain, occupied Nok-terminal to Koro–Atyap phases 500 BCE–1800 CE, with dry-stone terracing and hilltop granaries akin to Sukur's…
🇸🇪 Sweden · Earthwork
Torsburgen Hillfort (Gotland)
Early Iron Age to Viking Age (c.300 BCE–1100 CE) · Gotlandic Iron Age / Viking Age
Largest hillfort in Scandinavia at 1.2 km² plateau fortified by 2 km limestone wall across the narrow neck of a 67 m high limestone plateau.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Hillfort
Stará Kouřim Hillfort
Early Medieval (9th–early 12th century) · Zličan / Přemyslid
Prominent Zličan tribal hillfort at Stará Kouřim (44 ha plateau with double ramparts, gate complex) above Kouřim valley 50 km east Prague, mentioned in Dalimil Chronicle.
🇸🇪 Sweden · Hillfort
Grogarnsberget Hillfort
Iron Age (400 BCE–500 CE) · Gotlandic Iron Age
Massive coastal hillfort on Grogarnsberget limestone plateau (65 m) above Katthammarsvik, with 1200 m stone wall 4 m high enclosing 45 ha, double walls at north.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Kwiambana Hillfort (Zamfara) – Stone-Walled Escarpment Town
Late Iron Age / Historic Hausa · Hausa / Katsinawa refugees
Huge dry-stone perimeter walls (3 km) enclosing plateau hilltown on brink of Kayra escarpment, refuge for Katsina peoples during 18th–19th c Fulani jihads.