🇦🇱 Albania · Fortress
Fortress of Bashtovë
The Fortress of Bashtovë (Albanian: Kalaja e Bashtovës), also known in medieval times as Breg, Briego or Vrego is a medieval quadrangular fortress located close to the outflow of the Shkumbin River…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Berkut-Kala
Kushan (100 BCE–300 CE) → Afrighid Khwarazm (400–800 CE) → abandon desertification · Khwarazmian (Kushan–Afrighid) with Bactrian influence
Kushan–Afrighid desert fortress town (c.100 BCE–800 CE) in the Berkut-Kala oasis on the northern Amu Darya delta near Ellikkala — 8 ha square fortified palace with 2 km wall (Afrighid Khwarazmian)…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Acaray Fortress
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (c.900–1470 CE) Huaura – Chancay – Inca · Huaura – Chancay (Coastal)
Acaray (often misattributed as 'Inca fortress') crowns a tabular hill 6 km inland in the lower Huaura Valley, Lima, at 250 m.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Buhen Fortress — Great Walled Town
Old Kingdom precursors; Middle Kingdom–New Kingdom · Ancient Egyptian
Southernmost bastion of Egyptian 12th Dynasty canal road, first founded as Old Kingdom copper smelting settlement (2500 BCE) then rebuilt by Senusret I and massively expanded by Senusret III as…
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Burtnieki Castle
Burtnieki Castle (German: Burg Burtneck; Estonian: Asti ordulinnus) is a castle in Burtnieki Parish, Valmiera Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Sesebi
New Kingdom, 18th–19th Dynasty, ~1345 BCE · Ancient Egyptian (Amarna and Ramesside)
Akhenaten fortified temple-town on Nile west bank (c.1345 BCE), 200×100 m fortress with Aten temple.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Kafir-Kala
Hephthalite–Sogdian 5th–8th c CE → Samanid 9th–10th c · Sogdian Samarkand (Zarafshan) → Samanid
Kafir-Kala — Sogdian dihqan (landlord) fortress-palace (5th–8th c CE) 12 km SE Samarkand, Dargham canal, excavated 1970s–2000s Berdimuradov (Samarkand Institute).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Amouda
The former Crusader castle of Amouda, in what was the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and today close to the village of Gökçedam in the Turkish Province of Osmaniye.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Citadel of Newfield Well
Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) · Early Bronze Age
Citadel of Newfield Well in Somerset, South West England, United Kingdom is a Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) fortress attributed to Early Bronze Age culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Beçin Castle — Chapel North Wing (Milas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Beçin Castle — Chapel North Wing (Milas) in Muğla, Milas, Beçin, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortifi…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Fortress
Buhen Fortress — Buried Bastion North (Wadi Halfa, Sudan)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Buhen Fortress — Buried Bastion North (Wadi Halfa, Sudan) in Northern, Buhen, Sudan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas) in Amazonas, Kuélap, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age f…
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate in Deir ez-Zor, Dura-Europos, Syria is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age for…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Bukhara — Ark Citadel East Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Bukhara — Ark Citadel East Gate in Bukhara, Ark, Uzbekistan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortified culture. …
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Fortress
Citadel of Barrow Tall
Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) · Jōmon
Citadel of Barrow Tall in Paphos District, Cyprus is a Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) fortress attributed to Jōmon culture.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Fortress
Citadel of Narrow-Moat
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Citadel of Narrow-Moat in Piauí, Brazil is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) fortress attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield in Petén, Guatemala is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
High Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
High Fortress in Homs Governorate, Syria is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Anazarbus East Annex — Cilician Plain Citadel Extension
Roman to Armenian (100 BCE–1375 CE) · Roman Cilician then Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Levon)
Anazarbus East Annex — Cilician Plain Citadel Extension in Adana Province, Turkey is a Roman to Armenian (100 BCE–1375 CE) fortress attributed to Roman Cilician then Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia…
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Fortress
Citadel of Eilean
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Eilean in Preah Vihear, Cambodia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Aizkraukle Castle
Aizkraukle Castle (Latvian: Aizkraukles pils; German: Ascheraden) is a ruined medieval castle, located on the right bank of the river Daugava in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, to the west of the…
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
Alte Burg (Langenenslingen)
Alte Burg is a large Celtic hilltop fortification, or hillfort, that may have been used as a cult or assembly site for the regional population.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Castellum Tingitanum (El Asnam / Chlef)
Roman (1st–7th c CE) · Roman (Mauretania Caesariensis)
Cheliff valley fortified village with Donatist basilica, inscription of martyrdom 304 CE, and earthquake-prone castellum walls.
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Fortress
Pujini Palace — Mkama Ndume Citadel
Swahili (15th c. CE) · Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?)
Pujini Palace — Mkama Ndume Citadel in Pemba Island, Tanzania is a Swahili (15th c. CE) fortress attributed to Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?).