🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Kondane Caves — Karjat Monastery
Satavahana (100 BCE) · Buddhist Hinayana
Kondane Caves — Karjat Monastery in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist Hinayana.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Manmodi Hill Caves — Junnar
Satavahana (100 BCE–200 CE) · Buddhist
Manmodi Hill Caves — Junnar in Maharashtra, India is a Satavahana (100 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Buddhist. 40 Buddhist caves on Manmodi hill opposite Shivneri with chaityas and viharas.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Ajanta Caves
Satavahana early phase 200 BCE–100 CE; Vakataka renaissance 460–480 CE · Buddhist (Hinayana → Mahayana)
Thirty horseshoe-gorge rock-cut caves overlooking Waghora River with exquisite murals and sculptures: early 2nd century BCE–1st century CE Hinayana phase and later 460–480 CE Mahayana phase under…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis
Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) · Lycian
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Lycian. Outer sarcophagi field beyond theatre of Kyaneai with 100+ sarcophagi.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae
Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) · Aksumite
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae in Tigray Region, Ethiopia is a Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Aksumite.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Cassibile Rock-Cut Necropolis
Iron Age (1000–700 BCE) · Sikel
Cassibile Rock-Cut Necropolis in Sicily, Italy is a Iron Age (1000–700 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sikel. 180+ chamber tombs along Cassibile river gorge cliffs.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Akoris — Second Terrace Harbour at Tihna el-Gabal South (Nile Cliff South)
Old Kingdom to Byzantine (2700 BCE – 700 CE) · Pharaonic / Roman Egyptian
Southern terrace Nile harbour of Akoris at Tihna — 50 m quay revetment and tomb forecourt quay.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Southern Extension
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Southern Extension in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Rock-cut
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Northern Annex
Iron Age (900-100 BCE) · Lihyanite/Dedanite
Al Ula Dedan Necropolis Lion Tomb Access Ridge — Northern Annex in Al Ula, Medina, Saudi Arabia is a Iron Age (900-100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Lihyanite/Dedanite.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Pantalica Anaktoron South Necropolis Ridge — Northern Annex
Late Bronze Age (1300-800 BCE) · Sicel Culture
Pantalica Anaktoron South Necropolis Ridge — Northern Annex in Sicily, Syracuse, Italy is a Late Bronze Age (1300-800 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Sicel Culture.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Southern Extension
Medieval (1100-1300 CE) · Zagwe
Lalibela Biete Qeddus Mercoreos Cliff Cell Annex — Southern Extension in Amhara, Lalibela, Ethiopia is a Medieval (1100-1300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Zagwe.
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Southern Extension
Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Southern Extension in Provence, Vaucluse, France is a Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Chalcolithic.
🇲🇹 Malta · Rock-cut
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Western Terrace
Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) · Temple Period
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Western Terrace in Malta, Paola, Malta is a Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Temple Period.
🇲🇹 Malta · Rock-cut
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Eastern Outlier
Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) · Temple Period
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Eastern Outlier in Malta, Paola, Malta is a Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Temple Period.
🇲🇹 Malta · Rock-cut
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North
Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) · Temple Period
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North in Malta, Paola, Malta is a Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Temple Period.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Junnar
Maurya → Satavahana 230 BCE–220 CE → Vakataka 250–400 CE · Satavahana Early Buddhist (Hinayana) → Brahmanical
200+ Satavahana rock-cut caves on Nanaghat pass (300 BCE–400 CE) — Naganika Brahmi inscription of Vedic rites.
🇵🇪 Peru · Rock-cut
Qenqo
Inca (1400 – 1532 CE) · Inca
Qenqo in Cusco, Peru is a Inca (1400 – 1532 CE) rock_cut attributed to Inca culture. Q'inqu (zig-zag) – Inca huaca with 19-niche amphitheater, carved puma, subterranean altar for capacocha.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ellora — Kailasa Shrine Ancillary Gaja Panel
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Ellora — Kailasa Shrine Ancillary Gaja Panel in Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Ellora, India is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Roc…
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Megalith
Dwarfie Stane
Late Neolithic · Orcadian Neolithic
Rock-cut tomb carved from single 8.6 m boulder on Hoy, the only one in Britain, c.3000 BCE.
🇵🇪 Peru · Rock-cut
Stone-Silver Rock-Cut Complex
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Stone-Silver Rock-Cut Complex in Ancash, Peru is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) rock_cut attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Pantalica — Anaktoron Terrace Necropolis Sector E
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Pantalica — Anaktoron Terrace Necropolis Sector E in Sicily, Syracuse, Sortino, Italy is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Rock…
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Rock-Cut Tombs of Butte Easton Tall
Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) · Early Bronze Age
Rock-Cut Tombs of Butte Easton Tall in Sicily, Italy is a Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Early Bronze Age culture.
🇹🇭 Thailand · Rock-cut
Chashma Dara Rock-Cut Complex
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Chashma Dara Rock-Cut Complex in Buriram Province, Thailand is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) rock_cut attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.