🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient village
Gajiganna Culture Complex (Borno)
Chad Basin Late Stone Age · Gajiganna culture
Urn-field mound complex defining Gajiganna culture bridging Saharan and sub-Saharan pastoralism before Kanem.
🇹🇩 Chad · Rock art
Ennedi Rock Art
Neolithic Pastoral to Iron Age ~7000 BP–1000 CE · Saharan Pastoralist to Toubou ancestors
Ennedi sandstone shelters with 7 kyr cattle-to-camel paintings around Saharan guelta lakes.
🇹🇩 Chad · Ancient city
Njimi (N'jimi) – Capital of Kanem Empire
Early Islamic / Sahelian · Kanembu / Sayfawa Kanem
Dune-shrouded metropolis of Kanem (Sayfawa dynasty, 700–1380 CE) of 30,000 at lake-high stand, hub of trans-Saharan slave–gold–textile trade with Ifriqiya.
🇹🇩 Chad · Ancient city
Ouara
Wadai Sultanate (1635–1911 CE) · Maba–Arab Wadai (Sudano-Sahelian)
Ouara (Wara) is the roofed sandstone capital of Wadai Sultanate (1635–1911), 40 km north of Abéché, with three palace complexes of faced sandstone 20×15 m halls, fortified kori walls and qaraya…
🇹🇩 Chad · Rock art
Ennedi Plateau Rock Art Chad
Holocene 6000 BCE–500 CE · Saharan pastoral (Ennedi tradition)
Ennedi Massif – Chad's sandstone guelta maze (UNESCO 2016 natural/cultural) with 115 painted and engraved sites (6000 BCE–500 CE): Manda Guili camel caravan, Tarso rolling-hills cattle pastoral,…