🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Thulamela
Zimbabwe–Khami Tradition (Late Iron Age 1250–1700 CE) · Shona-Venda (Lemba/Vhangona) / Tsonga hinterland
5 ha hilltop Mapungubwe-descendant gold citadel with Queen's grave (gold bangles, Chinese porcelain) controlling Levuhbu–Indian Ocean ivory route.