🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Kafara – Wadi Garawi Old Kingdom Dam
Early Old Kingdom (Djoser–Sneferu) · Old Kingdom Egyptians (Memphite)
World's oldest dam (2650 BCE)—110-m Old Kingdom embankment diverting Wadi Garawi floods.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Kafara North Embankment Wadi Garawi
Old Kingdom · 4th Dynasty Egypt (Sneferu to Khufu horizon)
North wing 55 m of world's oldest large dam (Old Kingdom) breached during construction.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Submerged site
Shabwa – Hadramawt Incense Harbour, Yemen
Qatabanian to Himyarite (c. 700 BCE – 400 CE) · Hadrami South Arabian / Himyarite
Incense road river harbour 200 m silted in Wadi Hadramawt – warehouses sealed 4th c. Himyar sack.
🇱🇾 Libya · Rock art
Wadi Mathendous
Early Holocene to Camel Period (Pastoral/Horse/Camel) · Pastoral Saharan / Garamantine / Tuareg
Archetypal Saharan wadi gallery Mathendous with Bubalus-to-Camel engravings of extinct megafauna.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)
Eocene (40 Ma; geological) — cultural use prehistoric camp spots · No culture — paleontological site plus subneolithic camp scatters
Eocene whale mass-grave Wadi Al-Hitan with 400 Basilosaurus skeletons showing hind legs.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Marib Dam
Sabaean Kingdom, Early South Arabian (~1750 BCE – 570 CE) · Sabaean (South Arabian, Kingdom of Saba)
Earthfill diversion dam spanning the Wadi Adhanah and flanked by the limestone North and South Sluices with Sabaean monumental inscriptions.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Sadd el-Kafara South Embankment — Wadi Garawi Secondary Dam Wing
Old Kingdom Early Dynastic–3rd Dynasty (2700 – 2600 BCE) · Egyptian Old Kingdom (Sneferu–Djoser period)
South wing of oldest masonry dam 2650 BCE 113 m long unfinished collapse in Wadi Garawi.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient port
Wadi al-Jarf South Galleries (Red Sea Harbour Annex)
Old Kingdom 4th Dynasty (2620–2500 BCE, Sneferu–Khufu) · Old Kingdom Egyptian
Southern annex of the world's oldest harbour (Khufu) with 8 rock-cut galleries storing mortised cedar boats and 150 anchors, plus Merer papyrus dump. South mole stub now -1 m.