⌂Ancient cities

🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works

Kallanai Grand Anicut

Sangam Period, Early Historic to Colonial · Tamil Chola (Sangam)

2nd century Chola granite anicut (329 m, 150 CE) on Kaveri River, oldest functional dam in world irrigating one million acres.

🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city

Thinis – Lost Capital of the Thinite Nome, Abydos Region

Predynastic to Old Kingdom (3200–2686 BCE) · Egyptian Naqada III / Early Dynastic / Thinite

Menes thinite capital c. 3100 BCE — Manetho homeland of Dyn 1–2, no mound found under 8 m Nile silt at Girga (5 km hypothetical).

🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city

Capernaum

Capernaum ( kə-PUR-nay-əm, -⁠nee-əm; Hebrew: כְּפַר נַחוּם, romanized: Kfar Naḥum, lit. 'Nahum's village'; Arabic: كَفْرْ نَاحُومْ, romanized: Kafr Nāḥūm) was a fishing village established during the…

🇮🇹 Italy · Ancient city

Canosa di Puglia

Canosa di Puglia, generally known simply as Canosa (Canosino: Canaus), is a town and comune in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia, southern Italy.

🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works

Sadd al-Arim Secondary Dam

Sabaean Kingdom 750 BCE - 570 CE · Sabaean (Saba) kingdom

750 BCE Sabaean secondary saddle dam (420 m) and north sluice extension of Marib, doubling irrigated area via 2.1 km north canal.

🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city

Akoris — Central Harbour Terrace at Tihna el-Gabal

Middle Kingdom to Coptic (2000 BCE – 600 CE) · Middle Kingdom Egyptian / Graeco-Roman

Central Nile harbour terrace of Akoris — rock-cut quay 40 m and basin at Tihna cliff foot buried 3–5 m.

🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city

Marea — Central Harbour at Lake Mareotis (Phi Loxene)

Ptolemaic to Early Arab (320 BCE – 800 CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine Egyptian

Central wine harbour of Marea — 60 m mole and Dionysus press harbour 2.5–5 m under Lake Mareotis silt at Hawariya.

🇸🇰 Slovakia · Ancient city

Nitra Castle and Martin's Hill – Princely Seat

Early Middle Ages (7th–12th c. Principality of Nitra; Great Moravian 833–907) · Principality of Nitra / Great Moravia (Pribina, Svatopluk)

Nitra Castle and Martin's Hill – Princely Seat in Nitra Region, Nitra city, Castle Hill and Martin's Hill, Slovakia is a Early Middle Ages (7th–12th c.

🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city

Arroyo de Piedra

Arroyo de Piedra is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site in Guatemala located approximately 2-3 km east/northeast of Dos Pilas and 3 km west of Tamarindito.

🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city

Antinoopolis — Central Nile Harbour Bay at Sheikh Ibada

Hadrianic Roman to Byzantine (130–640 CE) · Hadrianic Roman Egyptian (Latin/Greek bilingual)

Central harbour basin of Antinoopolis — Hadrianic quay 68 m and warehouse at Sheikh Ibada buried 4–8 m under Nile silt.

🇮🇱 Israel · Hydraulic works

Mamilla Pool & Low-Level Aqueduct to Jerusalem

Second Temple (Herodian) to Byzantine · Herodian Jewish / Roman / Byzantine

Mamilla (Birket Mamilla) reservoir (760 m asl, 31°46′42″N 35°13′15″E 31.7786,35.2209) 650 m NW of Jaffa Gate in centre of Mamilla Cemetery, one of Jerusalem's ancient pools (Upper pool of Gihon)…

🇮🇹 Italy · Buried city

Sybaris — Casa Bianca Northern Quarter Annex

Archaic to Roman (720 BCE – 7th c. CE) · Achaean Greek / Thurian (Athenian) / Roman

Northern annex of Casa Bianca trench — 4.1 m stacked Archaic Thurii Roman houses showing 510 BCE destruction.

🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works

Qanat of Kashan - Fin Garden

Sassanian 470 CE to Safavid UNESCO 2011 · Sassanian hydraulic engineers; Safavid Shah Abbas I

Sassanian qanat (5th c. CE, 12 km, 400 shafts) feeding Fin Garden, UNESCO Persian Garden archetype hydraulic core.

🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city

Blaauboschkraal stone ruins

The Blaauboschkraal stone ruins are a provincial heritage site in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. Its neighbouring town, Emgwenya, is 10 kilometres away.

🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city

Köhne Shahar (Köhne Pasgah Tepesi)

Early Bronze (3500–2900 BCE) · Kura-Araxes Early Bronze

Early Bronze (3500–2900 BCE) ancient-city of Kura-Araxes Early Bronze in East Azerbaijan, Moghan (c.3350 BCE).

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Phanagoria — Kuban Delta Western Harbour Mole

Classical to Medieval (500 BCE – 1000 CE) · Bosporan Greek

Western Kuban mole of Phanagoria — timber-piled harbour at former river mouth, now silted 1–2.5 m in delta.

🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Ancient city

Bumbusi National Monument

Bumbusi is a Zimbabwean archaeological site, surrounded by Hwange National Park, in Western Zimbabwe. It is not often visited because of its remote location and low tourist profile.

🇬🇷 Greece · Ancient city

Abae

Abae (Ancient Greek: Ἄβαι, Abai) was an ancient town in the northeastern corner of ancient Phocis, in Greece, near the frontiers of the Opuntian Locrians, said to have been built by the Argive Abas,…

🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site

Quseir al-Qadim — Central Roman Warehouse Harbour

Late Ptolemaic to Late Roman (1st c. BCE – 400 CE) · Roman Egyptian / Nabataean / Indian Ocean merchants

Central Roman harbour of Quseir — warehouse basin at 0.8–2 m behind reef at Leukos Limen.

🇮🇱 Israel · Tell

Ashdod (Tel Ashdod / Isdud)

Late Bronze – Iron Age (1700–600 BCE) · Philistine–Israelite

Late Bronze – Iron Age (1700–600 BCE) tell of Philistine–Israelite in Southern District, Philistine Plain (c.1700 BCE).

🇸🇾 Syria · Tell

Terqa (Tell Ashara)

Old Babylonian to Neo-Assyrian (2000–600 BCE) · Amorite–Mitanni

Old Babylonian to Neo-Assyrian (2000–600 BCE) tell of Amorite–Mitanni in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Middle Euphrates (c.2000 BCE).

🇩🇪 Germany · Ancient city

Groß Strömkendorf (Reric) Early Slavic Emporium

Early Middle Ages (735–811 CE) · Obodrite Slavs (Reric/Rerik), Danish, Frankish traders

Groß Strömkendorf (Reric) Early Slavic Emporium in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Wismar Bay, Groß Strömkendorf village shore, Germany is a Early Middle Ages (735–811 CE) Obodrite Slavs (Reric/Rerik),…

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Patrai — Central Submerged Emporium in Kerch Strait

Archaic to Late Antiquity (6th c. BCE – 500 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan / Roman

Central strait emporium of Patrai — transshipment mole at 2–4 m in Kerch Strait handling grain toll.