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CategoriesEarthworks
Mounds, henges, enclosures and effigies built from earth.
🇵🇪 Peru · Geoglyph
Early Intermediate (Huarpa–Early Wari) · Huarpa / Rancha–Huarpa transition
18+ high-puna (3,200 m) trapezoids and zoomorphs (200 BCE–600 CE) linking Nazca to Wari highlands.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Ancient village
Neolithic to Iron Age (peak Iron Age) · Bronze Age to Iron Age Severn communities
Iron Age corduroy trackways (1000–100 BCE) on Goldcliff intertidal peat shelf — 30-m brushwood causeways.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient village
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE – 600 CE) · Upano (Kilamope–Sangay) / Huapula
Southern platform village of Upano at Sangay South — 8 platforms 40×25 m and 600 m causeway.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Archaic to Formative (Tulán–Puripica) · Atacama caravan (Tulán, Puripica, early Atacameño)
20 high-salar ignimbrite geoglyphs (1200 BCE–1000 CE) at 4,316 m above Salar de Tara cathedrals.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE–600 CE) · Kilamope (Upano) culture; Sangay phase Huapula
Lost Amazon cities (500 BCE–600 CE) under Upano forest—20 towns, 6,000 mounds and 25 km of roads revealed by 2024 LiDAR.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient village
Late Neolithic to Early Iron Age transition (1800–300 BCE) Pre-Ghana · Soninke ancestors / Tichitt Culture (agropastoralists)
250 km cuesta with 200+ Neolithic villages (1800 BCE) and earliest domesticated pearl millet 1900 BCE – West Africa's first sedentism.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Early Iron Age (Saka, 600–400 BCE) · Saka of Semirechye (Issyk–Besshatyr, eastern Saka)
31-mound Saka royal necropolis (600–400 BCE) — Ili River's 'Five Tents' with 105-m royal mound and log house.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Middle Horizon to Late Intermediate (Cabuza-Maytas-Chiribaya / Arica) · Arica cultural complex
Hill figures and extensive pre-Hispanic village on Cerro Sombrero (Hat Hill) in mid-Azapa Valley, 12 km inland from Arica.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Formative Alto Ramírez to San Miguel · Alto Ramírez–Tiwanaku caravan
Lluta south-bank hillside geoglyphs: 16 rayed anthropomorphs opposite classic Alto Ramírez terrace.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Ancient village
Late Iron Age (La Tène) · Irish Iron Age (Ulster–Connacht)
1.5-km Iron Age oak plank causeway (120 BCE) — Edercloon's wheeled transport togher.
🇬🇾 Guyana · Hypothetical site
Holocene sandstone tepui weathering geology + colonial cartographic error, no cultural horizon Holocene geology onto Phantom City projection · Natural Kanuku sandstone fins and taponi iron-crust misread as coursed Manoa wall (no culture)
El Dorado Kanuku ridge phantom — jointed sandstone 2 km 'walls' on Kanuku south inselberg, Tepui weathering misread as Manoa citadel terrace.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Geoglyph
Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Late Neolithic · Northwest Arabian Neolithic
37 high-elevation basalt kites (8000–5000 BCE) on Harrat Rahah — NW Saudi volcanic field.
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Late Intermediate to Late Horizon (Tarapacá–Inca) · Tarapacá / Inca
12 Inca-period cleared geoglyphs (1400–1500 CE) along Pica–Tamarugal prehispanic trail.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient city
Late Formative – Classic (c.600 BCE–400 CE) Tumaco–La Tolita · Tumaco–La Tolita (Tumaco-La Tolita I-II)
Tumaco–La Tolita is the classic Late Formative Pacific lowland tradition spanning the Colombia–Ecuador border from Nariño (Tumaco) to Esmeraldas (Isla La Tolita / Pampa de Oro) at 5 m in…
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Lost city
Middle Horizon to Late Intermediate (c.500 – 1400 CE) · Casarabe culture
Casarabe eastern forest island at Laguna San José — polygonal ditch, 6 m platform and 1 km causeway under forest, 500–1400 CE.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Earthwork
Marajoara Phase (Polychrome Tradition) · Marajoara (Arauan-derived Amazonian Polychrome)
Marajoara chiefdom mounds (800–1400 CE)—40-m tesos and funerary urn fields on Amazon's delta island.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Early Formative 1500–900 BCE (San Lorenzo phase, Olmec apogee 1500–1200) · Olmec (Olmeca, earliest Gulf Olmec capital)
Earliest Olmec capital (1500–900 BCE) on 50 ha artificial plateau (700 m long) raised 50 m above floodplain with surrounding ditch and berm modification of natural hill, controlling Coatzacoalcos…
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Middle to Late Intermediate (Maitas–Gentilar) · Azapa valley folk (Maitas–Gentilar)
Mid-Azapa hillside: 28 figures at km 14 including 32-m feathered anthropomorphs above olive valley.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Neolithic (Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B) · Late PPNB steppe-hunting tradition
Eastern rim kite chain of the Jordanian Harrat basalt plain (880 m, 31°02′21″N 37°30′00″E) where basalt peneplain meets limestone Hamad: 18 desert kites arrayed along 17 km N-S per Jibal…
🇨🇱 Chile · Geoglyph
Late Formative to Tiwanaku (Alto Ramírez III) · Alto Ramírez–Pukara caravan
Summit pampa geoglyphs 5 km east of Lluta: 22 horizontal geometric avenues on drainage divide.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Late Bronze to Early Iron (Mongolian Bronze) · Mongolian Late Bronze pastoralists
80+ Late Bronze khirigsuurs (1400–800 BCE) on Arkhangai plateau — horse-skull cairn field at 1680 m.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Late Woodland – Glades I–II (300 BCE–1150 CE) · Glades / Calusa tradition (Okeechobee Basin)
Late Woodland–Glades/Calusa affiliated town (300 BCE–1150 CE, peak 550–850) spread 5 sq mi along Caloosahatchee River north bank: 3 sand mounds (Mound A Plaza 3.5 m, Mound B and borrow mound), 2…
🇨🇳 China · Hydraulic works
Warring States to Han continuous · Qin with Han engineer Zheng Guo (鄭國)
246 BCE 'sabotage' canal that irrigated 27,000 ha and enabled Qin to unify China.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Late Neolithic (PPNB-related) · Azraq oasis Neolithic foragers
Kite field on the basalt deflation rim of Qa al-Azraq sebkha (520 m, 31.83°N 36.82°E), the lowest point of the 12,700 km² Azraq Basin shared with Syria (94% in Jordan) and Saudi.
