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CategoriesFortresses
Walls, citadels and hill forts.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (1st–7th c CE) · Roman (Mauretania Caesariensis)
Cheliff valley fortified village with Donatist basilica, inscription of martyrdom 304 CE, and earthquake-prone castellum walls.
🇸🇪 Sweden · Fortress
Iron Age–Medieval (900–1361 CE) · Gotlandic Iron Age / Medieval
Reconstructed water fortress hall at Lojsta Slott on a small lake islet (Lojsta) in central Gotland, with causeway, timber hall 40 m and later stone tower.
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Fortress
Swahili (15th c. CE) · Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?)
Pujini Palace — Mkama Ndume Citadel in Pemba Island, Tanzania is a Swahili (15th c. CE) fortress attributed to Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Urartian (733–713 BCE Tiglath-Pileser tributary) · Urartian
Kayalidere — Urartian Mountain Fortress in Muş Province, Turkey is a Urartian (733–713 BCE Tiglath-Pileser tributary) fortress attributed to Urartian.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Fortress
Hasmonean (c. 130 BCE) + Herodian 30 BCE · Hasmonean / Herodian / Byzantine Laura
Hyrcania excavated by Bar Adon and later, Herod's desert asylum per Josephus with tomb possibility.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Archaeological wonder
Roman (160–400 CE) · Roman (Severan)
Arbeia Roman Fort in Tyne and Wear, North East England, United Kingdom is a Roman (160–400 CE) archaeological wonder attributed to Roman (Severan) culture.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Bagratid (5th c. village; Fortress 9th–10th c. Pahlavuni; Surb Astvatsatsin 1031) · Bagratid Pahlavuni (same family Amberd)
Bjini Pahlavuni 9th–10th fortress with Surb Astvatsatsin 1031.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Roman (4th c. CE Severan) to Byzantine · Roman Eastern limes
Diyarbakır frontier fort excavated by Coşkun 2014–, easternmost confirmed Mithraeum, Sassanid siege evidence 359 CE.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Classic (500–900 CE Chalchihuites) · Chalchihuites (Epiclassic)
La Quemada excavated by Weigand 1970s, Tropic border fortress guarding turquoise road north.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Urartian to Medieval (800 BCE–1200 CE) · Urartian then Saltukid
Hasankale — Pasin Fortress in Erzurum Province, Turkey is a Urartian to Medieval (800 BCE–1200 CE) fortress attributed to Urartian then Saltukid.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Tell
Middle Bronze to Egyptian New Kingdom (2000–1150 BCE) · Hyksos / Egyptian
Hyksos rampart fortress (15 m thick) besieged 3 years by Ahmose.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman (Numidia)
Pass fort on northern Aurès road, Thamallula guards the Belezma gap with courtyard fortress and road village.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Alsunga Castle (Latvian: Alsungas pils; German: Schloss Alschwangen) is a castle in Alsunga village, in Alsunga Parish, Kuldīga Municipality, in the Courland region of Latvia.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Garamantian (200 BCE–300 CE) · Garamantian highland granary
Tahat granary surveyed by Liverani 2000s, Garamantian high storage.
🇵🇪 Peru · Megalith
Inca Imperial, 15th century; possibly Killke antecedents · Inca
Cyclopean fortress-temple complex 2 km northwest of Cusco with three zigzagging dry-stone ramparts of limestone blocks up to 120 tonnes and 9 m high, fitted without mortar with sub-millimeter…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Bagras or Baghrās, ancient Pagrae (Greek: Πάγραι; Armenian: Պաղրաս, romanized: Paġras), is a ruined medieval castle in the İskenderun district of Turkey, in the Amanus Mountains.
Mandatory Palestine · Fortress
Jiddin (Arabic: جدين), also known as the Jiddin Fortress (Arabic: قلعة جدين, romanized: Qalʾat Jiddīn) or Khirbet Jiddin (Arabic: خربة جدين, lit.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Fortress
The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة, romanized: Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḫra) is an octagonal Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Beit She'an (Hebrew: בֵּית שְׁאָן ), also known as Beisan (Arabic: بيسان ), or Beth-shean, is a city in the Northern District of Israel.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Fortress
The Citadel of Erbil (Kurdish: قەڵای هەولێر Qelay Hewlêr, Arabic: قلعة اربيل, romanized: Qal'at Erbīl), locally called Qellat, is a tell or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of Erbil in…
🇰🇵 North Korea · Fortress
Jŏngbang Castle (Korean: 정방산성) is a Koguryo-era mountain fortress located outside Sariwŏn, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. Cresting the ridges of Mt.
🇷🇴 Romania · Fortress
Built in murus dacicus style, the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains (Romanian: Cetăți dacice din Munții Orăștiei), in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD as protection…
