🇲🇱 Mali · Temple complex
Gao – Tomb of Askia
Medieval Songhai (9th–17th c; peak Imperial 1464–1591) · Songhai / Tuareg (Songhai Empire)
Songhai Empire capital's 17 m pyramidal earthen tomb of Askia Mohammad I (1495) east-bank Niger assembly ground.
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🇲🇱 Mali · Temple complex
Medieval Songhai (9th–17th c; peak Imperial 1464–1591) · Songhai / Tuareg (Songhai Empire)
Songhai Empire capital's 17 m pyramidal earthen tomb of Askia Mohammad I (1495) east-bank Niger assembly ground.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Medieval Sudanic (11th–17th c; peak 14th–16th c under Mali-Songhai) · Tuareg / Soninke / Malinke / Songhai / Berber / Moroccan (Arma)
Scholar caravan metropolis on Niger Bend with three 14th-c earthen Sudano-Sahelian mosques and 600,000-manuscript university Sankore.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient village
Iron Age to Medieval (350 BCE–1150 CE) · Soninke / Ghana sphere (Mema)
12-ha isolated 11-m tell 350 BCE–1150 CE in Mema with 2.5-m wall and copper jewellery horizon.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Medieval trans-Saharan (8th–15th c; peak 11th–14th c) · Sanhaja Berber / Tuareg (Kel Essouk) / Songhai
Arid 12 ha Berber warehouse town with 8th-c mosque (among earliest in West Africa) and 750,000 glass beads on salt route.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Iron Age to Islamic (800 BCE–1700 CE) · Soninke / Bambara (Dia inland delta)
500-ha Niger Delta cluster with Shoma 47-ha wall-47, 40 tell-mounds and 2500-year 800 BCE–1700 CE sequence.
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Bio. Iron Age to Medieval (c.250 BCE–1400 CE; peak 400–1200 CE) · Djenné-Djeno culture / Inland Niger Delta Iron Age / Soninke-Bozo
Oldest sub-Saharan city (250 BCE–1400 CE) on Inland Niger Delta: 33 ha tell 8 m high with 69 mounds cluster spanning 4 km, without stone architecture but rich bio-archaeological sequence: slag, rice,…
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Djenné-Djeno culture · Djenné-Djeno (Niger Inland Delta)
Djenné-Djeno in Mopti Region, Mali is a Djenné-Djeno culture ancient city attributed to Djenné-Djeno (Niger Inland Delta) culture. Inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Site (ID 116).
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Trans-Saharan caravan (c. 700–1400 CE; Almoravid market) · Berber–Tuareg (Tadmekka Sanhaja) / Arab caravan
Mysterious stone city in Saharan piedmont, Essouk is Tadmekka the 9th c Arab-described 'Tadmakkat' gold city with 450×250 m stone houses, mosque and 11th c Arabic stelae, on Niger–...
🇲🇱 Mali · Ancient city
Trans-Saharan (c. 600–1300 CE; peak 9th–12th c as Kawkaw) · Songhai–Berber (Gao empire; Almoravid links)
Old Gao's eastern port suburb Gao-Saney with merchant quarter and cemetery of 11th c Arabic stelae (spirals, Kufic) documenting Islamisation and gold trade to Sijilmasa; stelae mar...
🇲🇱 Mali · Tell
Djenné-Djeno phase (250 BCE – 1400 CE; West Mound 300–900 CE) · Djenné-Djeno (Inland Niger Delta urbanism)
Western extension of Djenné-Djeno city cluster (2 km from central tell) with 450×400 m mound, floodplain ditch, iron workshops and terracotta of Inland Niger urbanism 800 years pre...