🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Abu Mena
Late Roman to Early Byzantine 4th–7th c. CE, peak 5th–6th c. · Coptic Christian / Byzantine Egyptian
Desert pilgrimage city of Saint Menas, 4th–7th c., now endangered by water table rise.
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🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Wakna (Güiro)
Middle to Late Preclassic Mirador 600 BCE–150 CE · Maya (Mirador Basin)
Formerly Güiro, renamed Wakna: massive Triadic Acropolis (25 m pyramid on 70 m platform) with three temples and deep aguada (reservoir) 80 m diameter excavated into bedrock.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Ak-Beshim Chu Valley City
Sogdian 5th c → Western Turk 581–659 → Tang 659–1141 · Sogdian–Western Turk → Tang Chinese — Chuy Valley Silk Road
Ak-Beshim Chu Valley City — ancient Suyab/Suye (5th–12th c CE) Western Turk capital on Chu River at Ak-Beshim, 8 km SW Tokmok, excavated 1938–58 by Bernshtam and 2010s Kyrgyz-German.
🇸🇾 Syria · Archaeological wonder
Citadel of Aleppo
3rd millennium BCE to present (Yamhad Bronze Age peak; current fortress 12th–13th c CE) · Amorite (Yamhad) / Hittite / Neo-Hittite / Hellenistic / Ayyubid / Mamluk / Ottoman
One of the oldest continuously fortified mounds in the world, Aleppo citadel occupies a 45 m-high tell (Yamhad kingdom capital c.1800 BCE).
🇧🇷 Brazil · Earthwork
Marajoara Mounds (Teso dos Bichos)
Marajoara Phase (Polychrome Tradition) · Marajoara (Arauan-derived Amazonian Polychrome)
Marajoara chiefdom mounds (800–1400 CE)—40-m tesos and funerary urn fields on Amazon's delta island.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Historic Centre of Bukhara
Samanid to Shaybanid 9th–16th c (settled from 1st c CE) · Samanid / Qarakhanid / Shaybanid Islamic (Persian)
2000-year-old Silk Road oasis city preserved as intact medieval Islamic townscape with 140+ monuments.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Hydraulic works
Nimrud Dam
Neo-Assyrian Empire 879-612 BCE · Assyrian Neo-Assyrian imperial engineers
879 BCE Assyrian Tigris weir dam (200 m) at Nimrud with 5 gated sluices feeding Sennacherib's canal cascade to Nineveh.
🇹🇭 Thailand · Ancient city
Khao Sam Kaeo
Early Maritime Silk Road 500 BCE–300 CE (Iron Age to early Funan precursor) · Peninsular Thai–Indianized Austroasiatic → Tamil–Han contact (Mala–Yon)
Early Maritime Silk Road port-city and high-tin bronze–iron workshop (c.500 BCE–300 CE) at the Isthmus of Kra near Chumphon, Peninsular Thailand — 55 ha hillock city with four enclosures, excavated…
🇹🇯 Tajikistan · Temple complex
Takhti-Sangin (Oxus Temple)
Greco-Bactrian 3rd–2nd c BCE → Kushan 1st–4th c CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan Bactria (Amu Darya Oxus cult)
Takhti-Sangin — Hellenistic–Kushan temple city (3rd c BCE–4th c CE) at Vakhsh–Panj confluence forming Amu Darya (Oxus), excavated 1976–91 Pichikyan and Litvinsky (Academy Tadjik).
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Kampir Tepe
Hellenistic 330–145 BCE → Yuezhi–Kushan 145 BCE–350 CE → Sasanians 350–500 CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan–Sogdian (Oxus trade)
Oxus port fortress (330 BCE–500 CE) at Kampir hill 30 km west Termez — Hellenistic gate, Kushan quay and Alexander port contender.
🇮🇷 Iran · Tell
Godin Tepe
Late Chalcolithic to Iron Age II (c.5000–500 BCE; peak Uruk interlude and Median 750–550) · Ubaid-derived Zagros → Uruk colonial (Susa) → Kura-Araxes (Transcaucasian) → Early Transcaucasian → Iron Age Median
Zagros road-stop tell of Uruk traders, Kura-Araxes migrants, Median hall and earliest chemically attested wine.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Togolok-21 Temple-Fortress
Gonur / Togolok phase BMAC 2300–1700 BCE · Bactria–Margiana (Oxus) civilization
BMAC (Bactria–Margiana) monumental temple-fortress (c.2300–1700 BCE) on Murghab alluvium, satellite of Gonur Tepe, built of mud-brick with central fortified court 30×40 m, fire temple, part of Viktor…
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Babylon
Old Babylonian to Neo-Babylonian and Hellenistic (1894 BCE–141 BCE; monumental peak Nebuchadnezzar II 604–562 BCE) · Babylonian / Assyrian / Persian / Hellenistic
Capital of Babylonian empire (1894 BCE–539 BCE) on Euphrates, Babylon at its greatest under Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar II (604–562 BCE): Processional Way, Ishtar Gate (glazed brick dragons and…
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Suyab (Ak-Beshim)
Western Turkic → Tang protectorate → Karluks/Qarakhanid 6–12 c. CE · Sogdian → Turkic Khaganate → Karluks (Silk Road Buddhist-Christian-Manichaean)
Sogdian–Turkic Silk Road capital (c.6–12 c. CE) at Ak-Beshim in the Chu Valley — 35 ha walled shahristan (650×560 m) with Buddhist temple complex (two temples 50×30 m with clay Buddhas), Nestorian…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Notion (Notium) — Temple of Apollo at Claros Outpost
Classical to Late Antiquity (500 BCE – 600 CE) · Aeolian Greek (Kolophonian) and Roman
Kolophon harbour city with Doric Apollo temple facing mother city.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Ancient city
Jericho Kenyon Trench Spiral Stair
Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) · Bronze Age
Jericho Kenyon Trench Spiral Stair in Jericho Governorate, Palestine is a Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Earthwork
Benin City Walls (Iya)
Early to Late Edo Kingdom (800–1897 CE; peak 13th–16th c) · Edo (Bini) / Igodomigodo → Kingdom of Benin
16,000 km of ramparts and 20 m high ditch-bank earthworks enclosing 6,500 km² – world's longest pre-mechanical earthwork.
🇮🇷 Iran · Temple complex
Bishapur — Sassanid City and Anahita Temple
Sassanian Early (Shapur I–II, 241–379 CE) · Sassanian Persian with Roman–Palmyrene craftsmen (prisoners)
Shapur I 260 CE grid city by Roman POWs after Valerian capture — Anahita water temple, mosaics, Chogan gorge 6 reliefs.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Afrasiab (Ancient Samarkand)
Sogdian 7th c BCE → Samanid 9th–10th c → Mongol 1220 CE · Sogdian Maracanda → Sasanian → Samanid Samarkand
Afrasiab — ancient Samarkand / Maracanda (7th c BCE–1220 CE) 3 km north Registan, excavated 1874–present by Vyatkin, Shishkina, Grenet.
🇧🇿 Belize · Ancient city
Xunantunich
Preclassic 1000 BCE–1000 CE (El Castillo apogee 600–890 CE; top frieze 770–830) · Maya (Mopan Valley, rival of Naranjo and Buenavista del Cayo)
Hilltop Classic Maya center with spectacular El Castillo (40 m high pyramid with east stucco frieze 7.5 m long of 30 human figures, sun gods and jaguars) visible 8 km on Mopan River valley ridge;…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Temple complex
Khalchayan
Yuezhi 130–30 BCE → Early Kushan 30 BCE–50 CE → Kushan imperial 50–150 CE · Yuezhi–Early Kushan (North Bactria)
Early Kushan palace (50 BCE–50 CE) at Khalchayan near Denau — earliest Kushan princes fresco 2 m and terracotta court before Surkh Kotal.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Labyrinth of Hawara
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty c.1860–1814 BCE · Ancient Egyptian (Amenemhat III)
Herodotus's 3000-room labyrinth beside Faiyum now rubble field.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Sicca Veneria (El Kef) – Numidian Cult Citadel
Numidian / Punic / Roman / Byzantine · Numidian / Roman
Cliff-top Venus cult city of Numidia–Rome, now kasbah-crowned El Kef.
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom (Ji'an)
Koguryo Kingdom 37 BCE–668 CE (Five Kingdoms period) – tombs 4th–7th c · Koguryo (proto-Korean in Manchuria)
Forty tombs of Koguryo Kingdom (37 BCE–668 CE) on Yalu, including General's Tomb (400 CE) – 31 m stepped pyramid of cut granite 12 layers recalling Mesoamerican form, and murals of lotus, hunting and…