🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Sutkagen Dor
Mature Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization, Makran coastal facies)
Westernmost Harappan (2600–1900 BCE)—17.5 ha walled Dasht port with 12-m walls, Arabian Sea trade terminus.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Varvarovka
Late Chalcolithic Trypillia C1 (3800–3500 BCE) Southern Bug · Cucuteni-Trypillia C1 (Varvarovka variant, Usatovo contact)
Varvarovka (Varvarovca) — cluster of Cucuteni-Trypillia C1 settlements Varvarovka VIII and XV (c.3800–3500 BCE, 5–10 ha each) on Southern Bug right bank at Varvarovka village, Mykolaiv NW suburb, Bug…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Cantona Pyramid — Acropolis South (Puebla)
Classic to Epiclassic · Cantona culture (highland central Mexico)
High-altitude lava-block pyramid city at Cantona — 15 m acropolis pyramid at 2550 m c.600 CE with 24 ball courts and walled lava causeways.
🇮🇹 Italy · Ancient city
Nuraghe Arrubiu — Orroli, Sardinia
Middle to Final Bronze Age (c.1500–900 BCE) · Nuragic (Middle–Late Bronze)
Nuraghe Arrubiu (Middle–Final Bronze Age c.1500–900 BCE) on the basalt Pran'e Muru plateau near Orroli is Sardinia's largest nuraghe (3,000 sq m): a central keep 15 m high preserved plus five bastion…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Ayaz-Kala
Chorasmian (Khorezm) 4 c. BCE–8 c. CE · Khorezmian (Chorasmian) with Kangju–Kushan phases
Khorezmian hilltop fortress complex (c.4 c. BCE–7 c. CE) on the Kyzylkum edge near Ayazkol lake — three forts: Ayaz Kala 1 (4 c. BCE–2 c.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Bagawat Necropolis (Kharga Oasis)
Late Period to Early Islamic (510 BCE–700 CE; peak Christian 4th–7th c) · Persian-Egyptian / Early Christian Coptic
263-mudbrick vaulted domed chapels 4th–7th c with Exodus frescoes above Hibis Persian temple 40 m.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Shahr-i Sokhta — The Burnt City
Early Bronze Age Helmand–Jiroft horizon (c.3200–1800 BCE; variant 3200–2350 then eclipse) · Helmand/Sistan Bronze Age (Burnt City culture) — network with Shahr-i Sokhta, Mundigak, Indus
151 ha Burnt City between Sumer and Indus — animated goat bowl, artificial eye and 40,000 graves.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Tulum
Late Postclassic 1200–1550 CE (settlement from ~564 CE but walls/frescos 1200–1500) · Maya (Eastern coast, Postclassic International style, Chetumal polity, Mayapán confederacy)
Late Postclassic (1200–1550 CE) clifftop walled port with Caribbean panorama: 6 m limestone wall and pyramid Temple of the Frescoes with mural interiors, El Castillo (12 m pyramid with columns as…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Buried city
Utica – Silted Punic–Roman Harbour Lost 12 km Inland
Phoenician to Arab (1101 BCE – 7th c. CE; Roman capital 146–46 BCE) · Phoenician / Carthaginian / Roman
1124 BCE Tyrian harbour older than Carthage — two cothons now 12 km inland under Medjerda alluvium, textbook delta progradation.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Submerged site
Kition Bamboula – Phoenician Harbour of Larnaca
Mycenaean to Ptolemaic (13th c. BCE – 312 BCE) · Mycenaean / Phoenician / Cypriot Cypro-Classical
Phoenician copper harbour whose Astarte temple and shipshed ramp lie –1 to –4 m under modern Larnaca bay fill.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Toricos — Gelendzhik Roadstead Harbour at Toretae Cape (Gelendzhik East)
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Eastern roadstead of Toricos at Gelendzhik Tonkiy Cape — 60 m timber-stone quay at –3 m and roadstead anchors at –4 m.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Toricos — Gelendzhik Roadstead Harbour at Toretae Cape (Gelendzhik East) — v2
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Eastern roadstead of Toricos at Gelendzhik Tonkiy Cape — 60 m timber-stone quay at –3 m and roadstead anchors at –4 m.
🇸🇪 Sweden · Ancient city
Uppåkra
Scandinavian Iron Age 100 BCE–1000 CE (Roman → Viking) · South Scandinavian Iron Age (Scania central place; proto-Danish)
Uppåkra — South Scandinavian Iron Age central place (c.100 BCE–1000 CE, 40 ha, 1,000-year continuity) 5 km south Lund, Scania's pre-urban precursor.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Ancient city
Begram
Hellenistic 330 BCE → Mauryan 305–180 BCE → Indo-Greek 180–50 BCE → Kushan 50–350 CE · Hellenistic → Indo-Greek–Kushan–Roman Silk Road
Kushan Kapisa capital at Begram (600 BCE–400 CE) — 30 ha Alexandretta with Begram Treasure of 200 Roman glass ivories.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Cacaxtla
Epiclassic (650 – 900 CE) · Olmeca-Xicalanca
Cacaxtla in Tlaxcala, Mexico is a Epiclassic (650 – 900 CE) ancient city attributed to Olmeca-Xicalanca culture.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Ancient city
Fasil Ghebbi — Royal Enclosure of Gondar
Gondarine (1632–1864 CE) · Ethiopian Solomonic / Gondarine
Fasil Ghebbi is the 70,000 m² Royal Enclosure of Gondar, Ethiopia's 17th–18th c imperial capital (1632–1864).
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient city
Gò Cấm and Mỹ Sơn vicinity (Maliang region)
Sa Huỳnh (500 BCE–200 CE) → Champa (200–1500 CE) → Vietnamese · Sa Huỳnh → Cham (Austronesian maritime)
Champa coastal port complex (c.2 c. BCE–15 c. CE) at Gò Cấm, Quảng Nam — 5 ha delta port with Chinese Han–Tang sherds, Indian Rouletted Ware, Mediterranean glass, and Cham kiln cluster, excavated…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Pol Box
Late Preclassic – Terminal Classic (c.300 BCE–950 CE) Río Bec – Chenes transition · Maya (Río Bec–Chenes–Peten fringe)
Pol Box is a jungle pyramid town on the karst plateau 48 km south-southwest of Xpujil in the Calakmul Biosphere fringe, Campeche, at 260 m.
🇦🇱 Albania · Submerged site
Apollonia of Illyria (Pojan) – Submerged Aous Harbour on Vjosë
Archaic to Roman (588 BCE – 400 CE) · Corinthian–Corcyrean / Illyrian / Hellenistic / Roman
Corinthian river harbour 7 km inland now – quay 40 m at +0.5 to –1 m on fossil Vjosë channel.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Hastinapura
PGW 1100–600 BCE (Kuru) → NBPW 600–300 BCE → Historic · Kuru Mahajanapada (PGW culture) → NBPW Early Historic
Hastinapura — capital of Kuru Mahajanapada (c.1100–600 BCE, PGW 1100–600 BCE, NBPW 600–300 BCE) at Hastinapur, Meerut district, excavated 1950–52 by B.B. Lal (ASI).
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Pauni Wainganga Fortified Settlement
Mauryan 3rd c BCE → Satavahana 1st c BCE–2nd c CE · Mauryan→ Satavahana Deccan — Wainganga basin
Pauni Wainganga Fortified Settlement — Mauryan–Satavahana fortified city (3rd c BCE–2nd c CE) on Wainganga River at Pauni, excavated 1969–70 by S.B. Deo and later Bhilai–Nagpur University.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Jhusi (Pratishthana)
Neolithic I (7000–4000) → Chalcolithic II (2500–1200) → NBPW III (600 BCE–300 CE) → Gupta IV · Vindhyan–Gangetic Neolithic → Gangetic Chalcolithic → Kuru-Panchala NBPW
Massive Neolithic–Early Historic mound (c.7000 BCE–1200 CE) on the Ganga's east bank opposite Prayagraj Sangam — 4 ha mound with 16 m cultural deposit excavated 1995–2003 by Allahabad University (G.R.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Marea — Lake Mareotis Western Harbour Submerged (Phi loxene)
Hellenistic to Early Islamic (c.300 BCE – 700 CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine
Alexandria's wine port on Lake Mareotis — western harbour jetties 0.3–1 m submerged under Mariout floating silt, amphora town.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Patrai — Western Emporium Anchorage at Taman Strait (Western Strait)
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Western strait emporium of Patrai at Taman Strait — 70 m mole at –3 m and customs quay with moorings.