🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Vilcabamba — Espíritu Pampa Lost Inca Capital
Neo-Inca State (1536–1572 CE) jungle capital · Inca Vilcabamba (Manco Inca)
Espíritu Pampa rediscovered by Savoy 1964, lost after 1572 Túpac Amaru execution by Toledo.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Azougui — Almoravid Capital on Adrar Plateau
Ghana terminal to Almoravid capital (11th c. CE Almoravid capital 1050–1147) · Sanhaja Berber Almoravid (Ibn Yasin)
Azougui excavated by de Moraes Farias 1970s, Almoravid birthplace 1053, stone city 10 ha.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Sanam — Kushite Administrative Centre opposite Barkal
Napatan (750–600 BCE) and Meroitic later · Kushite Napatan trade centre
Sanam excavated by Griffith 1923, Napatan treasury town opposite Barkal sacred mountain.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Rakhigarhi — Harappan Granary Mound 7
Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan (Rakhigarhi — largest Indus site 550 ha)
Haryana Harappan excavated by Nath & Shinde, largest Indus city exceeding Mohenjo-daro.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Dholavira — Eastern Reservoir Rock-Cut Complex
Harappan (2650–2000 BCE) · Harappan Dholavira
Kutch Dholavira excavated by Bisht 1989–, signboard 10 Indus signs and stadium 300 m.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Pikillacta — Wari Planned Citadel Cuzco Basin
Wari (550–1100 CE) Cuzco expansion · Wari
Lucre Pikillacta excavated by McEwan 1990s, only Wari city completed, abandoned 1100.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Old Dongola — Medieval Christian Cathedral and Mosque Stack
Makurian Christian (600–1400 CE cathedral 1000 CE; 1317 mosque conversion) · Nubian Makuria Christian → Funj Islamic
Old Dongola excavated by Godlewski 1964–, 700 CE frescoes, 1317 mosque oldest Sudan.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Chan Chan Citadel Uhle
Chimu (900-1470 CE) · Chimu
Chan Chan Citadel Uhle in La Libertad, Peru is a Chimu (900-1470 CE) ancient-city.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Chan Chan Citadel Uhle (La Libertad)
Chimu (900-1470 CE) · Chimu
Chan Chan Citadel Uhle in La Libertad, Peru is a Chimu (900-1470 CE) ancient-city.
🇲🇦 Morocco · Ancient port
Lixus — Mauretanian-Phoenician Atlantic Port Pillars
Phoenician 8th c. BCE → Mauretanian Juba II 25 BCE → Roman Tingitana · Phoenician → Mauretanian (Juba) → Roman
Lixus excavated by Montalban & Ponsich 1947–, Atlantic garum capital of Tingitana.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Tombos — Egyptian-Kushite Quarry Frontier Town
New Kingdom Egyptian fortress (1550–1070 BCE) granite quarry → Napatan · Egyptian New Kingdom colonial
Tombos excavated by Smith & Buzon, Egyptian garrison with Nubian burials mixing.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Sesebi — Amenhotep IV Aten Town Sudanese Akhetaten
Amarna (Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten c.1365 BCE) New Kingdom Egyptian colony · Egyptian Amarna (Aten) colonial
Sesebi excavated by Fairman 1938, Aten talatat predecessor to Amarna 1365 BCE.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Pavlopetri — Plato's Lost World Beach Platform Submerged City Bronze Age
Early to Late Bronze Age (3000 BCE early; city 2800 BCE; Mycenaean 1680 BCE flooded 1000 BCE earthquake) · Early Minoan to Mycenaean (Minoan harbour 2800 BCE, Mycenaean grid 1680 BCE Flemming)
Pavlopetri Flemming 1967 oldest (5000 yr), Henderson 2009 3-ha grid 3 m.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Ancient port
Hala Sultan Tekke — Dromolaxia Copper Harbour Larnaca Bay
Late Bronze (1600–1150 BCE Alashiya harbour sibling to Enkomi) · Cypriot Alasia harbour town secondary
Hala Sultan Tekke Åström 1970s Dromolaxia harbour late Bronze 1600.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Manchan — Casma Polity Mud City Nepeña Casma Pampa
Casma (Sechín Casma culture 1100–1470 Chimú conquer 1350; Inca 1470 Chimu later) · Casma (Sechín) → Chimú → Inca (Manchan 1100 pre-CHimú capital of Casma Sechin polity 63 ha Terraced Sechin Cerro)
Manchan Moore 1981 Casma empire 63 ha planned 200 compounds.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Ouadane — Chinguetti-Linked Caravan Ksar
Medieval Almoravid foundation 1147 CE, gold-salt era · Berber Almoravid → Mali gold trade
Ouadane 1147 Almoravid ksar, caravan to Chinguetti 100 km.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient port
Leptis Magna — Hannibal's House? no — harbour and Hippodrome submergence
Phoenician 1100 BCE → Roman Septimian 211 CE Arch of Septimius, harbour 200 CE Severan 600 m lighthouse 35 m high · Phoenician Leptis (Neapolis) → Roman Septimius Severus hometown (Emperor 193 CE) harbour built hometown glory
Leptis Magna harbour Italian 1920s, Severus hometown 200.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Ptolemais — Palace of Columns Cliff Peristyle Hellenistic
Hellenistic (Ptolemy III 246 BCE) → Roman, Palace of Columns 1st c. CE · Hellenistic Ptolemaic port palace and Roman later
Ptolemais Kraeling 1960s, Palace Columns 165 m peristyle.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Walata — Medieval Ksar and Manuscript City
Ghana to Mali to Songhai medieval (11th c. CE foundation; 14th c. peak Ibn Battuta 1352) · Soninke → Berber → Mali Empire caravan scholars
Walata occupied 1000–, Ibn Battuta 1352, manuscript ksar.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient port
Sabratha — Roman Harbour Peristyle Seafront Triple-Temple drowned forum
Phoenician (500 BCE) → Punic → Roman Septimian basilica 2nd c. CE urban expansion Severus, 365 Crete quake partially submerged 1 m · Punic → Roman Antonine Severan harbour theatre 108 m diameter with 3-storey scaenae
Sabratha Guidi 1923 Severan theatre of Severus 150.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Aspero — Norte Chico Bay City and Middens
Norte Chico Preceramic (3700–2500 BCE coastal capital 15 mounds 3700–2500) · Norte Chico coastal sibling to Caral (Aspero has 6 mounds associated shell middens)
Aspero Feldman 1980 3700 BCE mounds with shicra.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Ancient port
Enkomi — Alasia Copper Port Urban Palace Cypriot
Late Bronze Alasia (1600–1050 BCE) Enkomi palace 1450 BCE copper port of Alasia letters Amarna · Cypriot Alasia (Mycenaean-Cypriot Late Bronze) Amarna copper Alashiya, 1180 Sea Peoples destruction
Enkomi SCE Schaeffer 1934 Alasia 1600–1180.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Tocra — Taucheira Hellenistic Fort Byzantium Bolli
Greek Archaic (510 BCE Battus II colonization) → Byzantine Justinian wall 530 CE · Greek Cyrene colonization Dorieus? Taucheira 510 BCE
Tocra Boardman 1950s Taucheira Greek 510.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Augila (Awjila / Aujila Oasis) – Herodotean Palmgrove
Garamantian / Roman · Libyan / Roman
Date-forest island famed since Herodotus for Ammonite pilgrim routes Siwa→Augila→Garama. Garamantian–Greco–Roman caravanserai with foggara traces and late-antique church; mudbrick town overlies souq.