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🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Abbasid Early Islamic 801–842 CE (Makkah Hajj hydraulic) · Abbasid Makkah Hajj oasis (Zubaydah patron)
Zubaydah west branch 4.2 km ashlar 0.9×0.7 m vaulted 12 m with 14 siphons: Abbasid 801/842 west distributary 0.6‰ to Wadi Fatima.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Early Islamic Umayyad (740 CE) NW Arabia · Umayyad Khaybar–AlUla Harrat oasis (NW Arabia)
Southeast expansion gravity dam 158 m × 14.2 m basalt 800 m: clay-core 2.1 m + 3-tier buttress trapping 42,000 m³.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Najdi Emirate to First Saudi State · Najdi oasis (Diriyah Amirship)
Wadi Hanifah: 6 Najdi 15th-18th c. wadi dams at Diriyah UNESCO site, Riyadh 24.73N 46.57E.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Late Pre-Islamic to Early Islamic · Nabataean–Himyarite to Umayyad
110-m two-phase dam (320 BCE–750 CE) on Wadi al-Khanaq — Khaibar oasis northern reservoir.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Iron Age to Early Islamic (Assyrian to Islamic) · North Arabian oasis / Assyrian sphere
Al-Jawf depression (580 m, 29°51′N 40°00′E central Sirhan) qanat field tapping western Widyan tributaries (900-1100 m) and basalt plateau 800-900 m to supply Dumat al-Jandal (ancient Adummatu) at…
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Early Abbasid (Harun al-Rashid–Al-Amin) · Abbasid (Zubaydah bint Ja'far patronage)
Ayn Zubaydah: 35-km Abbasid 809 CE spring aqueduct from Wadi Nu'man to Haram, Makkah.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Umayyad (with possible South Arabian precursor) · Umayyad Hejaz oasis
Wadi Fatima: 65-m rock-fill dam at Al Jumum 28 km west of Mecca, 8th c. Umayyad 32,000 m³.