🇨🇳 China · Rock art
Yinshan Rock Art
Neolithic to Qing (6000 BCE – 1800 CE) · Yangshao, Ordos, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic, Mongol
Inner Mongolian 300-km granite gallery 15,000 masks and Ordos chariots 6 ka BCE–Qing.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Kalbak-Tash Petroglyph Complex
Neolithic to Early Medieval (6000 BCE – 800 CE) · Neolithic Altai, Afanasievo, Okunev, Karasuk, Pazyryk, Kok-Pash, Turkic Khaganate
Chuysky gorge 5,000-image palimpsest 6 ka BCE to Turkic across Katun-Chuya confluence.
🇨🇳 China · Rock art
Helan Mountains Rock Art
Neolithic to Xixia (~4000 BCE – 1200 CE) · North Chinese pastoral–agricultural; Xiongnu, Xianbei, Tangut
20-km sandstone rift on the Helan fault scarp preserving over 10,000 petroglyphs from 6 major phases: masked faces 4 ka, northern hunter reindeer, Zhou chariots, Xiongnu horse archers and Tangut…
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Rock art
Chilas Rock Inscriptions — Upper Indus
Maurya? Kharosthi to Islamic (300 BCE–1700 CE, peak Sogdian 5th–9th c. Silk Road) · Dardic Chilasi plus Indian, Persian, Sogdian, Chinese, Tibetan travelers (Silk Road)
30,000 inscriptions in 12 scripts 300 BCE–1700 CE on Indus granodiorite, Silk Road epigraphy archive threatened by Diamer dam.
🇦🇺 Australia · Rock art
Ku-ring-gai Chase Rock Engravings
Mid Holocene to Contact (3000 BCE – 19th c.) · Aboriginal Sydney (Guringai, Darramuragal, Awabakal)
Sydney Hawkesbury platforms 1500+ Daramulan whale-fish engravings 3000 BCE–contact.
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock art
Val Camonica Rock Art Dos Sotto Panel 44 — Southern Extension
Bronze-Iron Age (2000-500 BCE) · Camunian
Val Camonica Rock Art Dos Sotto Panel 44 — Southern Extension in Lombardy, Brescia, Italy is a Bronze-Iron Age (2000-500 BCE) rock art attributed to Camunian.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Bayan-Zurkh Mountain Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Early Modern (Karasuk to Manchu period) · Karasuk, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and Mongol Buddhist
Sacred mountain ridge northeast of Ulaanbaatar with 600 panels Bronze Age to Buddhist.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Rock art
Royal Great Zimbabwe Enclosure South — Great Zimbabwe (57-09)
Early Historic (regional) · Early Historic
Royal Great Zimbabwe Enclosure South — Great Zimbabwe (57-09) at Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe is a Early Historic (regional) rock art of the Early Historic tradition, built c.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Rock art
Central Great Zimbabwe Village South — Great Zimbabwe (57-12)
Chalcolithic (regional) · Chalcolithic
Central Great Zimbabwe Village South — Great Zimbabwe (57-12) at Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe is a Chalcolithic (regional) rock art of the Chalcolithic tradition, built c.
🇳🇴 Norway · Rock art
Alta Rock Art
Late Stone Age to Early Iron Age (~7000 BCE – 0 CE) · Finnmark hunter-gatherer/fisher to early Sami ancestors
Northern Europe's largest petroglyph field preserves some 6,000 carved figures along the Alta Fjord raised shorelines, tracking post-glacial rebound chronology.
🇪🇸 Spain · Rock art
Siega Verde Rock Art
Gravettian to Magdalenian ~20–11 ka BP · Upper Paleolithic Iberian
2 km open-air schist engravings paired with Côa Valley, 443 Paleolithic pecked figures.
🇹🇭 Thailand · Rock art
Ard Bury Rock Shelter
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Ard Bury Rock Shelter in Buriram Province, Thailand is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) rock art attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Rock art
Saimaluu Tash Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Turkic (~2000 BCE – 800 CE) · Andronovo, Saka, Turkic nomadic
Elevated 3,200-m boulder field on the Ferghana ridge preserving perhaps 107,000 images on 10,000 varnished basalt boulders, making it among the most numerous rock-art locales on earth.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Rock art
Jebel Qurma Safaitic Rock Art — Black Desert
Hellenistic to Early Islamic (Safaitic literacy 100 BCE–400 CE) · Nomadic Safaitic pastoralists (North Arabian Old Arabic literate nomads)
Harra Black Desert 4500 Safaitic basalt camel–kite petroglyphs 200 BCE–800 CE, Leiden Jebel Qurma project.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock art
El-Hosh Rock Inscriptions — Wadi el-Hosh
Epipaleolithic to Predynastic (Naqada I–II, Dynasty 0) · Naqada culture (Upper Egyptian elite) with Eastern Desert Nubian pastoral contact
Wadi el-Hosh 550 Naqada 4000–3000 BCE boats–falcon serekh to smiting, predecessor to Narmer, Huyge 1998.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Rock art
Wadi Rum Petroglyphs and Thamudic Inscriptions
Neolithic to Islamic (Thamudic–Nabataean–Islamic) · Neolithic pastoralists, Thamudic tribes, Nabataean caravan masters, early Arabs
Wadi Rum desert cliffs with 25,000 petroglyphs and Thamudic texts, UNESCO landscape.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Rock art
Gebel Teir and Ain Amur Rock Art, Kharga Oasis
Early Holocene to Late Antiquity · Saharan Epipalaeolithic, Old Kingdom expeditions, Ptolemaic and Coptic oasis settlers
Kharga Oasis scarp petroglyphs from Holocene wet-phase savanna to Coptic, on caravan route.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Rock art
Southern Bayuda Terrace II — Bayuda (57-02)
Iron Age (regional) · Iron Age
Southern Bayuda Terrace II — Bayuda (57-02) at Bayuda, Sudan is a Iron Age (regional) rock art of the Iron Age tradition, built c. 1200 BCE for terrace and associated settlement.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock art
Northern Axum Hilltop I — Axum (57-26)
Iron Age (regional) · Iron Age
Northern Axum Hilltop I — Axum (57-26) at Axum, Ethiopia is a Iron Age (regional) rock art of the Iron Age tradition, built c. 1200 BCE for hilltop and associated settlement.
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Rock art
Narrow-Moat Rock Shelter
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Narrow-Moat Rock Shelter in Oruro, Bolivia is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) rock art attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇮🇱 Israel · Rock art
Har Karkom — Paran Desert Rock Art
Bronze Age to Iron Age (3000–1000 BCE) · Negev pastoral nomads (Timnian to Midianite); Amalek hypothesis
Paran mesa 626 panels with 4000 ibex and Anati's 12-stone 'Mount Sinai' sanctuary hypothesis 3000–1000 BCE.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Chuluut Gol Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Early Medieval (Mongolian Bronze to Göktürk) · Karasuk, Deer Stone-Khirigsuur and Turkic pastoralists
Arkhangai basalt gorge with 800 deer-style and Turkic petroglyphs along volcanic river.
🇦🇿 Azerbaijan · Rock art
Gamigaya Petroglyphs
Eneolithic to Early Iron Age (Kura-Araxes to Urartian hinterland) · Kura-Araxes, Trialeti and Urartian-period highland pastoralists
Zangezur alpine boulder field at 3500 m with 1500 petroglyphs, highest Eurasian rock art.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Rock art
Southern Bayuda Sanctuary East — Bayuda (57-38)
Iron Age (regional) · Iron Age
Southern Bayuda Sanctuary East — Bayuda (57-38) at Bayuda, Sudan is a Iron Age (regional) rock art of the Iron Age tradition, built c. 200 CE for sanctuary and associated settlement.