🇲🇽 Mexico · Rock-cut
Kimberley Wandjina Spirit Panel West
Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) · Classical
Kimberley Wandjina Spirit Panel West in Oaxaca, Mexico is a Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Classical culture.
🇦🇺 Australia · Rock-cut
Pushkarini Tank Steps North — Kimberley (Broome)
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Local Neolithic
Pushkarini Tank Steps North in Kimberley, Australia is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) rock_cut attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Burrup Peninsula Engraving East
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age
Burrup Peninsula Engraving East in Dordogne, France is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) rock_cut attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Cave Monastery Cell South
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Medieval
Cave Monastery Cell South in Tamil Nadu, India is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) rock_cut attributed to Medieval culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Tlos — Rock Tombs Eastern Extension
Lycian–Roman (500 BCE–200 CE) · Lycian (Tlos was Lycia capital)
Tlos — Rock Tombs Eastern Extension in Muğla Province, Turkey is a Lycian–Roman (500 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Lycian (Tlos was Lycia capital).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Rock-cut
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis
Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) · Lycian
Kyaneai — Theatre Hill Outer Necropolis in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500 BCE–200 CE) rock_cut attributed to Lycian. Outer sarcophagi field beyond theatre of Kyaneai with 100+ sarcophagi.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Rock-cut
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae
Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) · Aksumite
Seglamen — Rock Church and Stelae in Tigray Region, Ethiopia is a Aksumite (400 BCE–800 CE) rock_cut attributed to Aksumite.
🇮🇷 Iran · Rock-cut
Karaftu Caves — Heraclean Greek Inscription
Hellenistic–Parthian (Seleucid to Mithridates I) · Seleucid Greek–Iranian magus syncretism (Heracles–Verethragna)
Zagros cave 4 triple chambers with koine 'Heracles rests here' inscription 3rd–1st BCE and spring cistern.
🇫🇷 France · Rock-cut
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Southern Extension
Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Hypogee des Crottes de Rouaix II — Southern Extension in Provence, Vaucluse, France is a Chalcolithic (3000-2300 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Chalcolithic.
🇲🇹 Malta · Rock-cut
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Eastern Outlier
Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) · Temple Period
Hal Tarxien Hypogeum Extension North — Eastern Outlier in Malta, Paola, Malta is a Late Neolithic (3600-2500 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Temple Period.
🇨🇳 China · Temple complex
Maijishan North Niche 135
Northern Dynasties (Western Wei to Northern Zhou) · Northern Zhou Buddhist (Yuwen court patronage)
North-face shaded Maitreya pensive niche preserving straw-plastic polychrome.
🇨🇳 China · Temple complex
Tianlongshan East Cave Taiyuan
Sui to Tang · Sui-Tang Buddhist (Taiyuan Jinyang school)
Eastern 8-cave Sui peak of Tianlong Mountain above Taiyuan with Amitabha hall.
🇨🇳 China · Temple complex
Mati Temple South Grotto
Sixteen Kingdoms to Yuan · Hexi Buddhist (Northern Liang, Northern Wei, Sui, Tang, Uyghur, Tibetan, Yuan)
800-m-south Mati grotto cluster with 7-m Shakyamuni and horse-hoof legend slab.
🇵🇪 Peru · Rock-cut
Qenqo
Inca (1400 – 1532 CE) · Inca
Qenqo in Cusco, Peru is a Inca (1400 – 1532 CE) rock_cut attributed to Inca culture. Q'inqu (zig-zag) – Inca huaca with 19-niche amphitheater, carved puma, subterranean altar for capacocha.
🇲🇹 Malta · Tomb
Sacred Hypogeum Terrace Central — Hypogeum, Paola (59-36)
Early Historic (regional) · Early Historic
Sacred Hypogeum Terrace Central — Hypogeum, Paola (59-36) at Hypogeum, Paola, Malta is a Early Historic (regional) tomb of the Early Historic tradition, built c.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Temple complex
Great Bayuda Mound Inner — Bayuda (57-31)
Iron Age (regional) · Iron Age
Great Bayuda Mound Inner — Bayuda (57-31) at Bayuda, Sudan is a Iron Age (regional) temple complex of the Iron Age tradition, built c. 3000 BCE for mound and associated settlement.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Bharhut Stupa
Shunga 187–78 BCE · Shunga (Maurya successors)
Great Shunga Buddhist stupa (c.150 BCE) whose 8 m-high gateway and 3.2 m limestone railing — longest early Indian stone railing (40 m diameter stupa) — was dismantled in 1873–76 by Cunningham and is…
🇯🇴 Jordan · Hydraulic works
Petra — Ad-Deir Ancillary Cistern Terrace
Early Bronze to Medieval (3000 BCE–1400 CE) · Hydraulic culture
Petra — Ad-Deir Ancillary Cistern Terrace in Ma'an, Petra, Ad-Deir, Jordan is a Early Bronze to Medieval (3000 BCE–1400 CE) hydraulic attributed to Hydraul…
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Udayagiri and Khandagiri Jain Caves
Kalinga (Maha-Meghavahana) early historic · Jain (Digambara) / Royal Kalinga
Earliest Jain monastic caves in eastern India (2nd c. BCE–2nd c. CE) on twin sandstone hills near Bhubaneswar — 33 caves on Udayagiri and Khandagiri — excavated under Kalinga king Kharavela (c.40…
🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Ellora — Kailasa Shrine Ancillary Gaja Panel
Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) · Rock-cut tradition
Ellora — Kailasa Shrine Ancillary Gaja Panel in Maharashtra, Aurangabad, Ellora, India is a Bronze to Iron Age (2000 BCE–300 CE) rock_cut attributed to Roc…
🇱🇾 Libya · Rock-cut
Gateway Rock-Cut Complex
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Gateway Rock-Cut Complex in Fezzan, Libya is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇮🇷 Iran · Rock art
Kurangun
Elamite (c.2000–1000 BCE; peak Middle Elamite c.1500) · Elamite (Kurangun shrine of Inshushinak)
Kurangun is a massive Elamite open-air rock-cut shrine (20×7 m) on Mamasani cliff with 15 divine figures in low relief — gods enthroned, worshippers and fish-go...
🇮🇹 Italy · Rock-cut
Rock-Cut Tombs of Henge Nara Ditch
Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan
Rock-Cut Tombs of Henge Nara Ditch in Sicily, Italy is a Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) rock_cut attributed to Harappan culture.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Bedsa Caves
Satavahana early historic · Hinayana Buddhist
Twin-cave-cluster Buddhist refuge (100 BCE–100 CE) on forested Sahyadri spur between Bhaja and Karla, celebrated for best-preserved early rock-cut chaitya hall besides Karla — daylight-illuminated…