🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Gol Mod 2 Xiongnu Royal Necropolis
Early Iron Age, Xiongnu (Hunnu) Empire period · Xiongnu (Hunnu) imperial confederacy
80×80 m trapezoidal Xiongnu royal mausoleum (1st c. BCE) with Han lacquer and 400 satellite shaft tombs.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Archaeological wonder
Noin-Ula Kurgans
Xiongnu Empire (~200 BCE – 100 CE) · Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu nomadic empire)
Forested ridge north of Ulaanbaatar concealing over 200 deep shaft-tombs (6–18 m deep) of the Xiongnu steppe empire that confronted Han China.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Khoit Tsenkher North Cave — Terkhiin Tsagaan Extension
Upper Palaeolithic to Bronze Age · Palaeolithic Altai hunter-gatherers
North branch of Mongolia's only Palaeolithic painted cave, 15000 BCE ochre ostriches and mammoths in limestone.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Megalith
Khirigsuur Burial Complexes
Late Bronze Age (~1400–700 BCE) · Khirigsuur culture (Mongolian pastoralist)
Mounded circular stone platforms 2–20 m diameter surrounded by rectangular or polygonal enclosures with four cardinal knolls, often associated with deer stones and slab burials.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Tsagaan Salaa Central Panel
Upper Palaeolithic to Early Bronze · Palaeolithic Kalgutinsky, Afanasievo, Chemurchek, Okunev
Mid-valley of Tsagaan Salaa with Late Pleistocene bulls under Bronze elk on same boulders.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Megalith
Salkhityn Am Deer Stone Complex – Khovsgol
Late Bronze to Early Iron (Mongolian Late Bronze) · Deer Stone–Khirigsuur Culture
14 Classic deer stones (1400–700 BCE) — 4.2-m flight-deer stelae in Khovsgol valley.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Orkhon Valley Petroglyphs — Kharkhorin Fringe
Bronze Age to Mongol (Deer stone–Xiongnu–Turkic–Uyghur–Mongol) · Steppe nomadic: Bronze Deer stone culture, Xiongnu, First Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur, Mongol
Orkhon steppe 300 panels Bronze deer-stags to Turkic tamga 1500 BCE–1200 CE on Kharkhorin fringe, UNESCO buffer 1081.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Tsagaan Salaa North — Bayan-Ölgii Baga Oigor Panels
Upper Palaeolithic to Medieval · Palaeolithic Altai, Afanasievo, Chemurchek, Turkic
North bank of Tsagaan Salaa-Baga Oigor UNESCO valley, 7000 petroglyphs including 12000 BCE mammoth-hunt.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Kereksur (Khirigsuur) Field – Arkhangai Plateau
Late Bronze to Early Iron (Mongolian Bronze) · Mongolian Late Bronze pastoralists
80+ Late Bronze khirigsuurs (1400–800 BCE) on Arkhangai plateau — horse-skull cairn field at 1680 m.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Duurlig Nars Xiongnu Cemetery – Khentii
Late Iron Age, Xiongnu Empire · Xiongnu (Hunnu) northern imperial elite
Xiongnu elite shaft tombs in Khentii pine forest—Han silk 'Chanyu servant' inscription and lapis 4,000 km trade chain.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Khoit Tsenkher Central Gallery
Upper Palaeolithic · Altai Palaeolithic (Mal'ta–Afontova horizon)
Central painted gallery 40 m inside Khoit Tsenkher cave with Palaeolithic polychrome bison.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Archaeological wonder
Orkhon inscriptions
The Orkhon inscriptions are bilingual texts in Middle Chinese and Old Turkic, the latter written in the Old Turkic alphabet, carved into two memorial steles erected in the early 8th century by the…
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Archaeological wonder
Uushgii Ovoor (Uushigiin Övör) Deer Stone Complex
Bronze Age Khereksur/Deer Stone–Khirigsuur Complex · Mongolian Late Bronze Age pastoralists (pre-Xiongnu)
30 Bronze Age deer stones (1400–700 BCE)—densest flying-deer stelae gallery at Mörön.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Bayan-Zurkh Mountain Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to Early Modern (Karasuk to Manchu period) · Karasuk, Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turkic and Mongol Buddhist
Sacred mountain ridge northeast of Ulaanbaatar with 600 panels Bronze Age to Buddhist.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Kurgan
Bayan-Undur Kurgan & Deer Stone Field (Khövsgöl)
Late Bronze to Early Iron (Khirigsuur / Deer Stone-Khirigsuur Complex) · Mongolian Late Bronze pastoral
Steppe-forest ecotone kurgan and deer-stone complex (1,580 m, 46°29′28″N 104°07′07″E 46.4912N 104.1186E Bayan-Öndör) bridging Mongolian Khirigsuur (Late Bronze 1300-700 BCE) and deer stone-khirigsuur…
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Khoit Tsenkher South Gallery — Chandmani Base Cave Art
Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic (19,000–8000 BCE) · Malta-Buret related early Holocene hunter
Sun-facing lower gallery with 15 ka ibex/ostrich ochre and pecked figures 220 m below main cave.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Megalith
Kurgan Field Asia 52 — Mongolia Region 4
Period Medieval · Regional culture Asia-Megalith
Kurgan Field Asia 52 — Mongolia Region 4 in Mongolia Region 4, Mongolia is a Bronze Age megalithic with stratified deposits and regional significance. Excavations reveal architectural phasing.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Archaeological wonder
Noin-Ula burial site
The Noin-Ula burial site (Mongolian: Ноён уулын булш, Noyon uulyn bulsh, also Noyon Uul) consist of more than 200 large burial mounds, approximately square in plan, some 2 m in height, covering…
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Hydraulic works
Karakorum — Orkhon Valley Hydraulic and Urban Canals
Mongol Empire (Ögedei to Möngke, 1235–1260) · Mongol imperial (Ögedei, Möngke, artisans Chinese–Muslim–European)
1235 Ögedei capital's 8-km Orkhon pipe to Silver Tree fountain and 60-well moated square, Bonn–Ulaanbaatar excavated.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Ancient city
Shambhala in Gobi – Hidden Himalayan Kingdom Extended to Mongolian Desert
Pseudoarchaeology claim (1922 Ossendowski Agartha → 1926 Roerich → 1938 Nazi) · Kalachakra Tantra Shambhala 10th c. beyond Kailash → Roerich Gobi 44.5°N
Pseudo Shambhala in Gobi desert 1200 km northeast of Kailash – Gobi singing sands as sonic barrier.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Chandman Mountain Kurgan Field – Uvs Valley
Early Iron Age (Pazyryk-related) · Chandman / Pazyryk (Uyuk–Chandman)
35 Pazyryk-hybrid kurgans (700–300 BCE) — frozen felt graves on Chandman piedmont.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Rock art
Khoit Tsenkher Cave (Blue Cave)
Upper Palaeolithic (Middle to Late) · Upper Palaeolithic Altai-Sayan hunter-gatherers (Mal'ta-Afontova tradition)
Mongolia's Palaeolithic blue cave with ostrich-mammoth paintings 38–20 ka.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Boroo Gol Kurgan Terrace – Selenge River Valley
Late Bronze to Xiongnu Early Iron · Slab Grave / Xiongnu
30 Slab Grave to Xiongnu re-used kurgans (1300 BCE–150 CE) — Selenge River terrace with Han lacquer.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Archaeological wonder
Ordu-Baliq
Ordu-Baliq (meaning "city of the court", "city of the army"; Chinese: 窩魯朵八里), also known as Mubalik and Karabalghasun, was the capital of the Uyghur Khaganate.