🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Oenoe Fortress — Myoupolis
Classical (5th c. BCE) · Athenian
Oenoe Fortress — Myoupolis in Attica, Greece is a Classical (5th c. BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuelap — Chachapoya Cloud Fortress Ridge
Chachapoya (600–1470 CE) pre-Inca Chachapoya, later Inca garrison 1470 · Chachapoya (Warriors of the Clouds) → Inca
Amazonas Kuelap excavated by Langlois 1930s, 584 m fortress Walls breach 20 m, 412 houses, Chachapoya cloud city.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Askut Fortress — Island Stronghold
Middle Kingdom–New Kingdom · Ancient Egyptian
Compact island fortress mid-stream in Batn el-Hajar (≈ 351 km south of Aswan) built by Senusret III on narrow Askut Island between Shalfak and Mirgissa, controlling the rock-choked channel where…
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Amberd Fortress — Aragats Slope Fort-Church- Bath Complex
Bagratid (7th c. church; 10th c. Vahram Paphlavuni castle 1026; Seljuk captured 1236) · Bagratid Pahlavuni princes (Vahram) with church 1026 and bath
Amberd excavated by Harutyunyan 1963–64, Pahlavuni family castle 1026.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Phyle Fortress — Parnes Foothills
Classical (404 BCE) · Athenian
Phyle Fortress — Parnes Foothills in Attica, Greece is a Classical (404 BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Buhen Fortress — Great Walled Town
Old Kingdom precursors; Middle Kingdom–New Kingdom · Ancient Egyptian
Southernmost bastion of Egyptian 12th Dynasty canal road, first founded as Old Kingdom copper smelting settlement (2500 BCE) then rebuilt by Senusret I and massively expanded by Senusret III as…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas) in Amazonas, Kuélap, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age f…
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate in Deir ez-Zor, Dura-Europos, Syria is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age for…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion in Van, Van Fortress, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortified cul…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Zerzevan Castle — Mithraeum on Frontier Limes
Roman (4th c. CE Severan) to Byzantine · Roman Eastern limes
Diyarbakır frontier fort excavated by Coşkun 2014–, easternmost confirmed Mithraeum, Sassanid siege evidence 359 CE.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Semna West Fortress (Middle Kingdom Nubian Frontier Fort)
Egyptian Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian (Middle Kingdom)
Massive L-shaped mudbrick fortress of 12th Dynasty Sesostris III (c.1878–1840 BCE), southernmost of four forts guarding the Semna Cataract narrows at the Egyptian-Nubian border (along with Kumma…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Mirgissa Fortress — Egyptian Middle Kingdom
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty–New Kingdom · Ancient Egyptian (fortified settlement)
Greatest of Middle Kingdom Nubian forts, originally named Iken, built by Senusret III at narrow Second Cataract gorge on west bank, comprising a massive outer fortress enclosing harbour and an inner…
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Arad
Early Bronze II to Iron II / Persian (c.3000–400 BCE; EB peak 2950–2650, Iron 1000–587) · EB Canaanite → absent MB → Israelite Judahite → Babylonian era → Persian
Double-stacked tell: 2950 BCE walled EB city plus Iron Age Judahite fortress-temple twin of Jerusalem.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Kumma Fortress — Semna East
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Rectangular eastern counterpart to Semna West across the 500 m Semna gorge, built to close the eastern channel and form a fortified river gateway with coupled gate signals.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector) in Andalusia, Almería, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Spain is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attribut…
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate in England, Dorset, Dorchester, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to I…
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Fortress of Kurgan Ton
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kurgan Ton in Catamarca, Argentina is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Panel Golden Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Panel Golden Fortress in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Fortress of Long Kala
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Fortress of Long Kala in Petén, Guatemala is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Archaeological wonder
Hwaseong Fortress (Suwon)
Joseon Dynasty 1794–1796 CE · Joseon Korean (Jeongjo)
5.52 km bastioned city wall (1794–1796) built by King Jeongjo to honor father Prince Sado and establish new capital, combining Korean, Chinese and Western bastion design via Silhak scholar Jeong…
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
Zambujal Chalcolithic Fortified Village
Chalcolithic (3000–1700 BCE) · Vila Nova de São Pedro / Bell Beaker
Lisbon's type-site of Copper Age fortification excavated by E. Sangmeister 1964–, with Beaker pottery, copper smelting and Atlantic trade links.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Fortress of Eleutherai — Gyphokastro
Classical (370 BCE) · Athenian/Boeotian
Fortress of Eleutherai — Gyphokastro in Attica/Boeotia, Greece is a Classical (370 BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian/Boeotian.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Dekeleia Fortress — Tatoi
Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) · Spartan (Agis II)
Dekeleia Fortress — Tatoi in Attica, Greece is a Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) fortress attributed to Spartan (Agis II).
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Tower of Aegosthena — Porto Germeno
Classical–Hellenistic (4th c. BCE) · Megarian/Athenian
Tower of Aegosthena — Porto Germeno in Attica, Greece is a Classical–Hellenistic (4th c. BCE) fortress attributed to Megarian/Athenian.