🇺🇦 Ukraine · Rock art
Kamennyye Mogily North Gully Petroglyphs
Early Bronze Age · Catacomb (Katakombnaya)
North gully 350 m north of Kamyana Mohyla with Catacomb geometric masks and wagon panels.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Ancient village
Botai (Botay)
Eneolithic (Copper Age) Botai (3700–3100 BCE) · Botai horse hunters-herders (Central Eurasian steppe)
Eneolithic mega-village (c.3700–3100 BCE, Botai culture) — type-site for earliest horse domestication evidence (ongoing debate): 15-ha semi-subterranean house hamlet (150 houses 30–70 m², 6-m deep…
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient village
El Kowm (Tell El Kowm 2 – Caracol)
PPNB to Halaf (8000–5500 BCE) · Steppe PPNB → Halaf-Ubaid (Palmyrene)
Palmyrene desert oasis PPNB village cluster around artesian spring, desert Neolithisation laboratory.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Sarissa (Kuşaklı Höyük)
Hittite Old to Empire · Hittite (upper Kızılırmak frontier)
Highest Hittite frontier city (c.1600–1200 BCE) on 1650 m steppe ridge, holy city of Weather God, planned on grid with dam. Andreas Müller-Karpe (Marburg) excavations (1995–2004) revealed 2.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Sukhaya Termista — Catacomb Culture Kurgan Field
Late Yamnaya → Catacomb → Srubnaya · Yamnaya → Catacomb Grave culture → Srubnaya (Timber Grave)
Kalmyk steppe Catacomb Grave kurgans (2800–2200 BCE) with shaft-and-niche chambers cut into Yamnaya mounds — post-Yamnaya chariot horizon and ‘caterpillar’ pottery.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Kurgan
Mykhailivka (Mikhaylovka) — Yamnaya type site
Lower Eneolithic → Repin → Classic Yamnaya (Pit Grave) · Sredny Stog / Trypillia → Repin → Yamnaya (Pit Grave culture)
Yamnaya triple settlement on Dnieper (3600–2600 BCE) — Lower Trypillian fort, Middle Repin–Yamnaya ditch and Upper Yamnaya town with adjacent Pit Grave kurgans, birthplace of Yamnaya culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Pokrovka — Srubnaya (Timber Grave) Cemetery
Late Bronze Age; Srubnaya post-Catacomb · Catacomb → Srubnaya (Timber Grave) → Andronovo influence
Ilek River Srubnaya cemetery (1800–1200 BCE) with timber-framed ‘srub’ grave chambers, grooved pottery and Late Bronze steppe pastoral expansion.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Samara Culture (Sokol Povolzhye Sites)
Neolithic–Eneolithic; Samara forager to stock-herder · Samara culture (Volga Neolithic) → Khvalynsk → Yamnaya
Volga Neolithic Samara type sites (5500–4800 BCE) — pit-house villages and Mariupol cemeteries on Sokol bend, defining early steppe pottery and forager transition.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Tatarlı Höyük
EBA → MBA → LBA → Phrygian → Persian (2600–500 BCE) · Anatolian EBA → Assyrian Colony fringe → Phrygian
EBA–Iron steppe tell (2600–500 BCE) — Haymana corridor walled town, Gordion-Hattusa buffer.