🇬🇭 Ghana · Fortress
Bono Manso Rock Citadel (Adansi–Bono Hill Fort)
Medieval Akan (Bono) (11th–18th c. CE) · Akan (Bono–Adansi)
Granite dome fortress refuge of Bono state with white dot art shelters.
🇬🇭 Ghana · Fortress
Christiansborg Castle — Osu Castle
Atlantic slave trade (1659–1850 Danish) · Danish / Norwegian / Ga / British
Christiansborg Castle (1659 Danish, 1661–1850 Danish–Norwegian slave fort) is on Osu rocky promontory Accra, now Presidential seat (until 2013) and museum.
🇬🇭 Ghana · Ancient village
Nzulezo — Stilt Village on Lake Tadane
Early Modern Nzema (1600–present, continuous) · Nzema (Akan)
Nzulezo is a 400-year Nzema stilt village on Lake Tadane (Amansuri Lagoon) with 500+ houses on reflux mangrove piles 1–2 m above 5 km lake.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient village
Dhar Walata (Oualata)
Neolithic to medieval (1500 BCE–17th c; historic 11th c) · Tichitt culture → Soninke Wagadu → Beidane Moors
Neolithic to oasis caravan terminus: Tichitt-culture compounds plus red-white geometric plaster houses of 11th-c Ghana twin capital Biru.
🇲🇱 Mali · Submerged site
Jenné-Jeno – Niger Inland Delta Harbour Mound, Mali
Iron Age to Medieval (c. 250 BCE – 1400 CE) · Soninke / Jenné-Jeno / Djenné
Inland Delta harbour mound 25 ha – seasonal wharves 200 m buried 1.5 m at Bani bank, Djenné.
🇲🇦 Morocco · Ancient city
Sijilmassa
Early Islamic to Medieval (757–1393 CE; peak 10th–14th c CE) · Berber Miknasa / Islamic / Maliki
Gold-mint entrepôt Sijilmassa on Trans-Saharan Ghana road south of Rissani.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Tegdaoust (Aoudaghost) West Ksar
Aoudaghost (c. 500–1400 CE; Berber–Ghanaian citadel) · Berber (Sanhaja) / Soninke Ghanaian conquest 1055
Berber ksar on Aoukar dune edge, Aoudaghost West preserves citadel, mosque and cavern granaries that stored caravan millet, described by al-Bakri and Ibn Hawqal; Ghana 1055 seizure...