🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Çakmaktepe
PPNA–PPNB (Taş Tepeler) · Taş Tepeler PPN foragers (Göbekli–Karahan sphere)
Taş Tepeler ridge PPNA enclave (9300–8500 BCE) with T-pillar in round enclosure and terrazzo hamlet — 9th Stone Hill on Karahan ridge.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
Çatalhöyük
Neolithic to Chalcolithic (PPNB-derived) · Anatolian Neolithic (Catalhoyuk East/West)
Largest Neolithic proto-city (7500–5700 BCE) with 18 settlement levels, mud-brick houses entered via roofs, wall paintings, bull bucrania and earliest landscape painting. Population up to 8,000.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Çavuştepe
Urartian Kingdom late 8th century BCE · Urartian (Biainili)
Twin-ridge Urartian palatial city of Sarduri II with Haldi temple and 5 km Urartian canal.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Çukuriçi Höyük
Late Neolithic through Early Bronze Age II (c.6700-2750 BCE) · Aegean-Neolithic to Chalcolithic to Western Anatolian EBA
Neolithic-EBA shoreline tell (6680-2750 BCE) at Ephesus — earliest Aegean copper workshop and EBA walled village.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Cave
Öküzini Cave
Upper Palaeolithic to Early Neolithic (c.21,000–6000 BCE; intensive 17,000–11,800 cal BP) · Anatolian Epipalaeolithic → Early Neolithic
Epipalaeolithic flagship 900 m from Karain (17–11.8 ka) with engraved plaquettes and marine network.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Cave
Üçağızlı Cave
Initial Upper Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic (c.43,000–17,000 BP) · Early Ahmarian → Aurignacian (Levantine IUP)
Hatay sea cave (43 ka) — Initial Upper Palaeolithic Ahmarian with Nassarius beads.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
İkiztepe
Late Chalcolithic → EB I–III → MBA (4300–2000 BCE) · Pontic EBA (Kızılırmak Black Sea, Balkan-Caucasus interface)
Black Sea delta cemetery-tell (4300–2000 BCE) — 2400 EBA gifted graves with arsenical copper, Pontic metallurgy nexus.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient village
İkiztepe Samsun — Black Sea Buried Village and Cemetery
Late Chalcolithic to EBA III (4200–2000 BCE) · Pontic Chalcolithic–EBA (Bafra horizon; Maikop affinities)
Pontic coastal necropolis 4200–2000 BCE — 600 graves, arsenical bronze.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
İmamoğlu Höyük
EBA-Iron Age (c.3000-700 BCE) · Amuq/Syro-Hittite (Amuq A-J to Iron Age Patina)
İmamoğlu Höyük — buried eba-iron tell/village at Gaziantep Province.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
İmikuşağı
Chalcolithic to Medieval (peak EB III–Urartian) · Ubaid → Kura-Araxes → EBA Keban → Urartian → Medieval
Keban Dam salvage tell on the Euphrates (Karasu) near Baskil, excavated 1970s by Veli Sevin. Famed for EB III royal cist...
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
İmikuşağı Höyüğü
EB I–III → MBA → Late Bronze Hittite (3200–1200 BCE) with Iron Age coda · Kura-Araxes → Eastern Anatolian EBA → Hittite-Kizzuwatna fringe
EB–MBA–Hittite tell (Kebanon) — Kura-Araxes to Hittite fortress, Esin Keban salvage key sequence.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
İnandıktepe
Old Hittite to Empire (1650–1200 BCE) · Hittite (Hattic substrate)
Old Hittite cult terrace that produced the four-register Inandik vase (acrobats and goddess).
🇬🇪 Georgia · Rock-cut
Vardzia — Cave City of Queen Tamar
Georgian Golden Age (Bagrationi 1184–1213) · Georgian Orthodox (Queen Tamar, Shota Rustaveli era)
1185 Tamar's 13-level honeycomb with Church of Dormition fresco and 3.5 km aqueduct on Mtkvari gorge, Seljuk fortress.