🇴🇲 Oman · Fortress
Dock Fortress
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Dock Fortress in Dhofar, Oman is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) fortress attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Archaeological wonder
Hwaseong Fortress (Suwon)
Joseon Dynasty 1794–1796 CE · Joseon Korean (Jeongjo)
5.52 km bastioned city wall (1794–1796) built by King Jeongjo to honor father Prince Sado and establish new capital, combining Korean, Chinese and Western bastion design via Silhak scholar Jeong…
🇪🇪 Estonia · Fortress
Haapsalu Castle
Haapsalu Castle (also Haapsalu Episcopal Castle, Estonian: Haapsalu piiskopilinnus, or more simply Bishop's Castle) is a castle with cathedral in Haapsalu, Estonia, founded in the thirteenth century…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Kampyr Tepe — Oxus Fort
Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? · Graeco-Bactrian frontier
Kampyr Tepe — Oxus Fort in Surkhandarya Province, Uzbekistan is a Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? fortress attributed to Graeco-Bactrian frontier.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
Zambujal Chalcolithic Fortified Village
Chalcolithic (3000–1700 BCE) · Vila Nova de São Pedro / Bell Beaker
Lisbon's type-site of Copper Age fortification excavated by E. Sangmeister 1964–, with Beaker pottery, copper smelting and Atlantic trade links.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Fortress
Rumicucho Pucará — Quito
Late Integration to Inca (1400–1532 CE) · Quitu–Cara / Inca
Rumicucho Pucará — Quito in Pichincha Province, Ecuador is a Late Integration to Inca (1400–1532 CE) fortress attributed to Quitu–Cara / Inca.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Ashar? Actually Shaharut — Negev Highlands Fortlet
Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland · Nabataean desert frontier
Ashar? Actually Shaharut — Negev Highlands Fortlet in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland fortress attributed to Nabataean desert frontier.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Ghat — Fortress of Cucch Behmode Acacus Border Post
Italian colonial (1930s) over Garamantian earlier Tifinagh graffiti hill · Garamantian Tuareg → Italian colonial
Ghat hill Tifinagh documented by Reichelt 1990s, Garamantian border post.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Aslackby Preceptory
Aslackby Preceptory in Lincolnshire lay to the south-east of Aslackby Church. Until about 1891 a tower, possibly of the preceptory church, together with a vaulted undercroft, survived as part the…
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Fortress of Eleutherai — Gyphokastro
Classical (370 BCE) · Athenian/Boeotian
Fortress of Eleutherai — Gyphokastro in Attica/Boeotia, Greece is a Classical (370 BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian/Boeotian.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Dekeleia Fortress — Tatoi
Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) · Spartan (Agis II)
Dekeleia Fortress — Tatoi in Attica, Greece is a Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) fortress attributed to Spartan (Agis II).
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Fortress
Shahr-i Zohak — Bamiyan Fortress Extension
Hephthalite to Ghaznavid (500–1000 CE) · Bamyan fortress town (Hephthalite)
Shahr-i Zohak — Bamiyan Fortress Extension in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan is a Hephthalite to Ghaznavid (500–1000 CE) fortress attributed to Bamyan fortress town (Hephthalite).
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Daugavgrīva castle
Daugavgrīva Castle (German: Dünamünde; Polish: Dynemunt; Russian: Усть-Двинск or Ust`-Dvinsk) is a former monastery converted into a castle, located at Vecdaugava oxbow on the right bank of Daugava,…
🇮🇶 Iraq · Fortress
Bash Tapia Castle
Bash Tapia Castle, (Arabic: باشطابيا) also known as Bashtabiya Castle or Pashtabia Castle, is a ruined 12th-century castle located on the western bank of the Tigris river, forming part of the city…
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Fortress
Buffavento Castle
Buffavento Castle (Greek: Kάστρο Βουφαβέντο, Turkish: Buffavento Kalesi) is a castle in Northern Cyprus.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Callipolis — Gelibolu Fortress Wall Extension
Byzantine–Genoese (1200–1350 CE) · Byzantine then Genoese
Callipolis — Gelibolu Fortress Wall Extension in Çanakkale Province, Turkey is a Byzantine–Genoese (1200–1350 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine then Genoese.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Tower of Aegosthena — Porto Germeno
Classical–Hellenistic (4th c. BCE) · Megarian/Athenian
Tower of Aegosthena — Porto Germeno in Attica, Greece is a Classical–Hellenistic (4th c. BCE) fortress attributed to Megarian/Athenian.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Fortress
Shobak — Crusader Montreal Castle Cistern
Crusader (1115 CE) + Ayyubid/Mamluk · Crusader Latin Kingdom / Ayyubid
Shobak excavated by Brown 1990s, 1115 Baldwin I foundation besieged by Saladin, secret spring tunnel unique.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Barca — Medieval Islamic Fortified Citadel Plateau
Greek Barca 560 BCE → Byzantine → Arab Barca medieval capital 640–1150 CE · Greek Barca → Arab Barqah capital of Cyrenaica Emirate 640 CE
Barca surveyed Goodchild, Barca Greek to Arab.
🇮🇷 Iran · Fortress
Qaleh Rostam
Neolithic to Achaemenid (c.7000 BCE–330 BCE; Achaemenid fortress c.550 BCE) · Neolithic Bakhtiari → Achaemenid pastoral fortress
Bolaghi valley Achaemenid route fortress (550 BCE) over Neolithic knoll between Pasargadae and Persepolis.
🇵🇱 Poland · Fortress
Będzin Castle
The Będzin Castle is a castle in Będzin in southern Poland. The stone castle dates to the 14th century, and is predated by a wooden fortification that was erected in the 11th century.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Saharonim — Nabataean Hill Fort
Nabataean–Roman (100 BCE–300 CE) · Nabataean
Saharonim — Nabataean Hill Fort in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman (100 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Nabataean.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Fortress
Kyrenia Castle
Kyrenia Castle (Greek: Κάστρο της Κερύνειας Turkish: Girne Kalesi) is a 16th-century castle in the north of Cyprus, built by the Venetians over a previous Crusader fortification.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Aizpute Castle
Aizpute Castle (German: Ordensburg Hasenpoth) is a Livonian Order castle in the town of Aizpute in the historical region of Courland, in western Latvia.