🇮🇹 Italy · Submerged site
Portus – Imperial Harbour of Rome
Roman Imperial (42 CE – 6th century CE) · Roman
Rome's vast Claudian and Trajanic artificial harbours now inland through siltation, once Rome's maritime gateway.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Antikythera Wreck — Mechanism and Bronze Statue Reef
Late Hellenistic (c.70–50 BCE) Roman loot shipwreck from Asia Minor to Rome 60 m Greek art cargo · Roman late Hellenistic loot ship (Pergamene? Rhodian stones) 60 BCE
Antikythera sponge 1900, Cousteau 1976, Mechanism found 1901.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Buried city
Andriake – Silk Road Harbour of Myra, Lycia
Classical to Byzantine (400 BCE – 800 CE) · Lycian / Greek / Roman / Jewish / Christian
Myra's sea-gate where St Paul changed ships — Hadrian Plakoma granary beside 350 m basin now 2.5 km inland from delta silt.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Ancient city
Herodium
Late Hasmonaean to Byzantine (3rd c. BCE Mount — Herodian peak 23 BCE–4 BCE) · Herodian (Judaean client of Rome) → Zealot → Roman → Bar Kokhba → Byzantine monastery
Herod's artificial volcano citadel with 350 m pool-garden and recently discovered royal mausoleum.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Masada — Desert Fortress of Herod
Hasmonean to Roman (2nd c. BCE–73 CE; Herodian peak) · Hasmonean Jewish → Herodian (Idumaean-Jewish client of Rome) → Sicarii → Roman legion → Byzantine monks
Herod's 440 m mesa fortress over Dead Sea — hanging palaces, desert cisterns and preserved Roman siege ramp.
🇮🇹 Italy · Submerged site
Portus Claudius & Trajan's Hexagon – Imperial Harbour Basins of Claudius and Trajan
Roman Imperial (42–64 Claudian, 103–113 Trajan) · Roman Claudian/Trajanic
Rome's 234-ha Claudian outer moles and 32-ha Trajan hexagonal inner basin — outer moles now lagoonal –1 to –2 m in Maccarese wetland.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Temple complex
Temple of Garni and Garni Gorge Symphony
Classical Armenia Artaxiad–Arsacid (1st century CE; preceded by Bronze fortress) · Hellenistic–Roman Armenian (Artaxiad client kingdom under Neronic patronage)
Only standing Greco-Roman Ionic temple in post-Soviet Armenia (77 CE) over organ-pipe basalt gorge.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Temple of Zeus at Aizanoi
Roman Imperial (High Empire) · Roman Phrygia (Aezanitai polis under Rome)
Hadrianic Ionic pseudodipteral 9×15 with intact vaulted cryptoporticus, Phrygian Roman gem.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Meninx (Djerba) – Phoenician-Roman Port
Phoenician to Late Antiquity (7th c BCE – 7th c CE; peak 2nd–3rd c CE) · Phoenician / Numidian / Roman (Africa Proconsularis)
Two-kilometre strand city on Djerba's southeastern causeway shore, Meninx was the island's Phoenician emporion turned Roman civitas capital, famed for murex purple second only to T...
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Submerged site
Hadrumetum – Punic–Roman Harbour of Sousse
Phoenician to Byzantine (11th c. BCE wording – 7th c. CE) · Phoenician / Punic / Roman African
Tyrian port older than Carthage — 320m Punic-Roman mole now reef off Sousse kasbah, overlaid by modern beach.
🇮🇳 India · Submerged site
Pattanam-Muziris – Roman Pepper Port, Kerala
Iron Age to Medieval (c. 1000 BCE – 1341 CE) · Chera / Indo-Roman
Roman pepper port brick wharf 100 m under 3 m silt at Pattanam – 8 m canoe at 4 km inland.
🇲🇦 Morocco · Ancient city
Gilda / Rirha
Mauretanian to Islamic (5th c. BCE–8th c. CE; Roman peak 1st–4th c. CE) · Mauretanian / Roman
Rirha (ancient Gilda) on the Sebou River is a Mauretanian city turned Roman colonia, 5th c. BCE–8th c. CE, excavated by Callegarin 2005–.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Tumulus
Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania — Tipasa
Late Numidian–Mauretanian (25 BCE–23 CE) · Berber Mauretanian / Hellenistic Roman
Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania (Kbour er Roumia) is the 32 m high Numidian–Mauretanian royal tomb 32 km W of Algiers on Sahel ridge 261 m with 60 columns (Ionic below, Doric above) and 4 false doors.
🇪🇷 Eritrea · Ancient city
Adulis (Adulis Bay & Gulf of Zula)
Pre-Aksumite to Late Aksumite to Early Islamic (500 BCE–8th c CE; peak 1st–6th c) · Pre-Aksumite D'MT → Aksumite (South Arabian/Eritrean)
40 ha Aksumite–Roman Red Sea port of Periplus linking elephant ivory to Mediterranean with temple and 4th-c basilica plus trilingual Monumentum Adulitanum.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Archaeological wonder
Amphitheatre of El Jem (Thysdrus)
Roman Imperial (c.230–238 CE under Gordian I/II) · Roman (Africano)
Largest amphitheatre in Africa and third-largest in Roman world: olive-oil city Thysdrus (later Gordian revolt 238 CE) built c.238 CE, 149×124 m outer axes, 65×39 m arena, 35,000 capacity seating…
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Antinoopolis — Northern Harbour Bay of Antinoë (Sheikh Ibada North)
Roman to Byzantine (130 CE – 650 CE) · Roman / Hadrianic
Northern Nile bay of Hadrian's Antinoopolis — 120 m quay at +0.5 m and tetrastyle gate.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Aphrodisias
Late Bronze Age to Byzantine (c.3000 BCE–12th century CE; peak Julio-Claudian to Severan) · Carian → Hellenistic Greek → Roman → Byzantine
Aphrodite's marble city with 30,000-seat stadium, Tetrapylon and Sebasteion reliefs.
🇮🇹 Italy · Submerged site
Baiae (Baiae Archaeological Park)
Republican to Late Antique (140 BCE – 8th c CE) · Roman
Former luxury resort of Rome’s elite (Caesar, Nero, Hadrian) with imperial villa, submerged by bradyseism (volcanic uplift/subsidence) to 5–9 m, with mosaics, statues and pilings visible snorkelling.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Castellum Dimmidi
Roman Severan (198–238 CE) · Roman
Castellum Dimmidi (Messaad) is Rome's southernmost Algerian outpost, 350 km south of Algiers into true Sahara, a Severan isolated vexillation fort 40×40 m with corner bastions built 198 CE by Legio…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Castellum Dimmidi (El Hadjira Outpost)
Roman (198–260 CE) · Roman (Numidia, Severan frontier)
Southernmost Roman desert burgus near El Hadjira with Palmyrene ostraca.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Archaeological wonder
Chemtou (Simitthus)
Numidian to Byzantine (quarry 2nd c BCE–6th c CE) · Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
Imperial marble quarry source of giallo antico with 80 m high quarry face, loading ramps and bridge over Medjerda.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Dvin — Ancient Capital of Armenia
Late Antiquity to Medieval (4th–13th century; peak 7th–10th) · Arsacid Armenia → Sasanian marzpan → Arab Dabil emirate → Bagratuni → Seljuk
100 ha medieval Silk Road capital — trilobed palace, glazed-market vault and ceramic aqueduct.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Elaiussa Sebaste
Hellenistic to Byzantine (c.200 BCE–700 CE) · Cappadocian royal → Roman client kingdom
Augustan island-promontory city at Ayaş with hillside theatre, harbour islet and Achilles agora mosaics.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Hadrumetum (Sousse)
Phoenician to Ottoman (1100 BCE–16th c; peak 2nd–4th c) · Phoenician / Punic / Roman / Early Christian / Islamic
Phoenician-tradition colonia under Sousse medina with 5.5 km catacombs, Virgil mosaic and Byzantine kasbah.