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🇷🇸 Serbia · Tell
Early Chalcolithic Vinča culture (c.5400–4500 BCE); Vinča A–D mining camps 5400–4650 BCE · Vinča (early Chalcolithic Danubian–Balkan copper pioneers)
Europe’s earliest copper mine (c.5400–4500 BCE) — 45 shafts with Vinča picks and firesetting on Danube gorge.
🇸🇿 Eswatini · Archaeological wonder
Middle Stone Age to Iron Age (43,000 BCE–400 CE) · MSA/MSA modern humans
Ngwenya (Lion Cavern) is the world's oldest mine, hematite and specularite 43,000 BCE Middle Stone Age open-cast pit 25 m deep with radiocarbon mining tools and 43 ka charcoal, extracting red ochre…
