🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Dime es-Sobai (Soknopaiou Nesos)
Ptolemaic to Roman (3rd c BCE–3rd c CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman Egyptian
Lake Qarun crocodile temple town Dime es-Sobai with 320-m lion dromos to harbour.
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CategoriesAncient cities
Capitals, ports and metropolises that rose, fell and were found again.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Classical to Byzantine (360 BCE – 700 CE) · Dorian Greek / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
Cape Crio twin harbours — northern trireme sheds silted and southern mole now 3.2 m submerged, warning yachts at Knidos.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Ptolemaic to Roman (3rd c BCE–3rd c CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman Egyptian
Lake Qarun crocodile temple town Dime es-Sobai with 320-m lion dromos to harbour.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze Age (2900-1750 BCE) · Mari Culture
Mari Palace Western Annex Drain — Eastern Outlier in Deir ez-Zor, Tell Hariri, Syria is a Early Bronze Age (2900-1750 BCE) ancient city attributed to Mari Culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Hellenistic · Hekatomnid Carian, Hellenistic
Lake Bafa gneiss city with 6.5-km Hellenistic walls and 3rd BCE Athena temple above Endymion grotto.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Ancient city
Classical (300 BCE-300 CE) · Kindah
Qaryat al-Faw Market Street East Annex — Eastern Outlier in Riyadh, Wadi al-Dawasir, Saudi Arabia is a Classical (300 BCE-300 CE) ancient city attributed to Kindah.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze Age (2900-1750 BCE) · Mari Culture
Mari Palace Western Annex Drain — Northern Annex in Deir ez-Zor, Tell Hariri, Syria is a Early Bronze Age (2900-1750 BCE) ancient city attributed to Mari Culture.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Ancient city
Classical (300 BCE-300 CE) · Kindah
Qaryat al-Faw Market Street East Annex — Western Terrace in Riyadh, Wadi al-Dawasir, Saudi Arabia is a Classical (300 BCE-300 CE) ancient city attributed to Kindah.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Ancient city
Chalcolithic (c.3000–2000 BCE) · Vila Nova de São Pedro (Iberian Chalcolithic / Bell Beaker)
Iberian Chalcolithic type-site (3000–2000 BCE) — three-walled fortified settlement with bastions and copper workshop on Tagus plain.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
331 BCE – Medieval (331 BCE – 1422 CE harbour active) · Ptolemaic/Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
Alexandria's Portus Magnus — twin harbour, Heptastadion mole and 3500 fallen Pharos blocks 4–12 m down in Eastern Harbour.
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Mythic 10th c. Kalachakra introduction – chronicle 11th c. (Khache Panchen) · Tibetan Buddhist / Uyghur Buddhist–Manichean historical substrate
Kalachakra's hidden valley north of Kunlun — Hilton's 1933 Shangri-La renamed a Yunnan city 850 km away.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Ancient city
Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) · Bronze Age
Kilmartin Glen Nether Largie Standing Stone Pair in Argyll and Bute, Kilmartin, United Kingdom is a Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Medieval (1075-1220 CE) · Mapungubwe
Mapungubwe Hill Summit Enclosure South Annex — Northern Annex in Limpopo, Musina, South Africa is a Medieval (1075-1220 CE) ancient city attributed to Mapungubwe.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) · Uruk Period
Uruk Anu Ziggurat Terrace North Annex — Eastern Outlier in Al Muthanna, Warka, Iraq is a Late Chalcolithic (4000-3100 BCE) ancient city attributed to Uruk Period.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Late Classic (c.400–900 CE) Usumacinta kingdom · Maya (Usumacinta – Pacal's rival)
Yaxchilan (ancient Pa' Chan, cleft sky) crowns a horseshoe meander of the Usumacinta in Chiapas at 120 m, 35 km by river from Frontera Corozal.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Ixtutz ([iʃˈtuːts]) was an important Classic Period Maya city located south of Ixkun in southeastern Petén, Guatemala.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) · Harappan
Rakhigarhi Citadel Mound Annex 7 South — Southern Extension in Haryana, Hisar, India is a Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) ancient city attributed to Harappan.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) · Thulamela
Thulamela Stone Citadel Annex East — Southern Extension in Limpopo, Kruger, South Africa is a Late Medieval (1400-1700 CE) ancient city attributed to Thulamela.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (6th c. BCE – 300 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan
Northern pier of Myrmekion at Voikovo — 90 m ashlar pier at –1.8 m with wine presses at –1.2 m on Strait north shore.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) · Harappan
Rakhigarhi Citadel Mound Annex 7 South — Western Terrace in Haryana, Hisar, India is a Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) ancient city attributed to Harappan.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Kushan (100 BCE–300 CE) → Afrighid Khwarazm (400–800 CE) → abandon desertification · Khwarazmian (Kushan–Afrighid) with Bactrian influence
Kushan–Afrighid desert fortress town (c.100 BCE–800 CE) in the Berkut-Kala oasis on the northern Amu Darya delta near Ellikkala — 8 ha square fortified palace with 2 km wall (Afrighid Khwarazmian)…
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Pyramid
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (c.1250–1534 CE) Cara – Quitu – Inca · Cara–Quitu (Cochasquí–Cayambe)
The Cochasquí South Platform (Pyramid 13 South) is the southernmost of the famed 15 Cochasquí ramp-pyramids on the Mojanda volcano plateau above Tocachi, Pichincha, at 3,100 m on the Inca takeover…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) · Harappan
Rakhigarhi Citadel Mound Annex 7 South — Eastern Outlier in Haryana, Hisar, India is a Harappan Early-Mature (3200-1900 BCE) ancient city attributed to Harappan.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Late Postclassic – Contact (c.1200–1530 CE) Kowoj Maya · Maya (Kowoj – Late Postclassic Petén)
Topoxte crowns the largest island (450m) in Lake Yaxha, Petén, at 180 m. After surrounding Classic cities fell, Postclassic Kowoj Maya refortified the island c.1200 CE with a rubble rampart (400m)…
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Ancient village
Formative to Regional Development (500 BCE – 600 CE) · Upano (Kilamope–Sangay) / Huapula
Southern platform village of Upano at Sangay South — 8 platforms 40×25 m and 600 m causeway.
