🇮🇶 Iraq · Hydraulic works
Jerwan Aqueduct of Sennacherib
Neo-Assyrian (Sargonid) · Assyrian Imperial (Nineveh hydraulic corps)
Neo-Assyrian 280-m aqueduct bridge 705 BCE carrying Khosr Canal to Nineveh, largest pre-Roman.
🇫🇷 France · Hydraulic works
Pont du Gard — Roman Aqueduct Bridge
Roman Imperial (Augustan-Claudian, mid-1st c. CE) · Roman Gallia Narbonensis (Nemausus)
Augustinian 48.8-m 3-tier bridge 50-km Nîmes aqueduct 35,000 m³/d, 6-tonne dry stone.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Hydraulic works
Hydraulic System at Shelter Camp
Moche (100–800 CE) · Moche
Hydraulic System at Shelter Camp in Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia is a Moche (100–800 CE) hydraulic attributed to Moche culture.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Hydraulic works
Gadara Aqueduct (Qanat Fir'aun) — Decapolis Long Aqueduct
Roman Imperial (1st–3rd c. CE) · Decapolis Greco-Roman city league (Gadara, Adraa, Abila)
Hadrianic 170-km 94%-underground qanat from Daraa to Gadara, longest tunnel aqueduct antiquity.
🇳🇴 Norway · Hydraulic works
Steppe Kite Desert Gate East — Finnmark (Alta)
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Local Neolithic
Steppe Kite Desert Gate East in Finnmark, Norway is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Ayn Zubaydah West Branch Aqueduct (Makkah West Zubaydah Canal)
Abbasid Early Islamic 801–842 CE (Makkah Hajj hydraulic) · Abbasid Makkah Hajj oasis (Zubaydah patron)
Zubaydah west branch 4.2 km ashlar 0.9×0.7 m vaulted 12 m with 14 siphons: Abbasid 801/842 west distributary 0.6‰ to Wadi Fatima.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Hampi Aqueduct and Tungabhadra Hydraulic System
Medieval Indian (Vijayanagara Empire) · Vijayanagara Hindu imperial (Telugu–Kannada)
Vijayanagara 5-km aqueduct with 19 tanks and stepped pushkarani feeding 500k city 14th–16th c.
🇪🇸 Spain · Hydraulic works
Segovia Roman Aqueduct
Roman Imperial (mid-1st to early 2nd c. CE) · Roman Hispania Tarraconensis (Segovia)
Augustan 28.5-m 167-arch granite aqueduct 20 km 30 L/s without mortar, UNESCO 311.
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka · Hydraulic works
Reservoir of Basin Beck
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Reservoir of Basin Beck in North Central Province, Sri Lanka is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Hydraulic works
Petroglyph Aqueduct
Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) · Jōmon
Petroglyph Aqueduct in Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria is a Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Jōmon culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Hydraulic works
Pushkarini Tank Steps North — Cappadocia (Nevşehir)
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Local Neolithic
Pushkarini Tank Steps North in Cappadocia, Turkey is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Hydraulic works
Baray Hydraulic Reservoir North — Cederberg (Clanwilliam)
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Iron Age
Baray Hydraulic Reservoir North in Cederberg, South Africa is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) hydraulic attributed to Iron Age culture.
🇲🇱 Mali · Hydraulic works
Volubilis Olive Press Complex West — Djenné (Mopti)
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Local Neolithic
Volubilis Olive Press Complex West in Djenné, Mali is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) hydraulic attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇲🇱 Mali · Hydraulic works
Thimlich Ohinga Enclosure North — Djenné (Mopti)
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Local Neolithic
Thimlich Ohinga Enclosure North in Djenné, Mali is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) hydraulic attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Hydraulic works
Mapungubwe Hill Annex — Bayuda Desert (Meroe)
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Medieval
Mapungubwe Hill Annex in Bayuda Desert, Sudan is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Medieval culture.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Deul Rekha Tower North — Luxor (Luxor)
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Classical
Deul Rekha Tower North in Luxor, Egypt is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) hydraulic attributed to Classical culture.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Hydraulic works
Hezekiah's Tunnel (Siloam Tunnel) and Siloam Pool
Iron Age II (Judahite Kingdom, late 8th c. BCE) · Judahite Israelite (Hezekian Jerusalem)
Biblical 533-m S-tunnel 701 BCE two teams meet with 90 cm offset for Assyrian siege.
🇬🇷 Greece · Hydraulic works
Tunnel of Eupalinos (Efpalinos) — Samos Aqueduct
Archaic (600–500 BCE) · Ionian Greek (Samian) — engineer Eupalinos of Megara
Herodotean 1,036-m tunnel 550 BCE dug from both ends with 60 cm meet error.
🇮🇱 Israel · Hydraulic works
High-Level Aqueduct of Caesarea Maritima
Herodian to Byzantine (22 BCE – 640 CE) · Herodian Jewish-Roman and Roman Imperial
Herodian-Hadrianic 10-km dune arcade twin aqueducts feeding Sebastos harbour 7 km.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Hydraulic works
Zaghouan Aqueduct — Carthage Water Supply
Roman Imperial (Hadrianic, 2nd c. CE) · Roman Africa Proconsularis (Latin-Tunisian)
Hadrianic 132-km aqueduct Zaghouan to Carthage with 17-km arcade, Rome's longest.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Hydraulic works
Ayn Zubaydah Aqueduct (Zubaydah Spring Canal to Makkah)
Early Abbasid (Harun al-Rashid–Al-Amin) · Abbasid (Zubaydah bint Ja'far patronage)
Ayn Zubaydah: 35-km Abbasid 809 CE spring aqueduct from Wadi Nu'man to Haram, Makkah.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Tang-e Boraq Aqueduct (Boraq Gorge Cliff Aqueduct)
Sasanian to Kakuyid (450 CE, repaired 1050 CE) · Sasanian Zagros (Eqlid terrace farmers)
Tang-e Boraq: 420-m Sasanian 450 CE cliff aqueduct in 85-m Zagros gorge, Eqlid 30.55N 52.32E.
🇸🇾 Syria · Hydraulic works
Qasr al-Hayr Upper Spring Canal — Palmyra Steppe Upper Bisayta Canal
Umayyad (727 CE Hisham) · Umayyad
Upper spring canal 6 km northeast of Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi palace (620 m) feeding into main Gharbi 11-km canal (already in DB as qasr-al-hayr-al-gharbi-canal).
🇸🇾 Syria · Hydraulic works
Qasr Al-Hayr Al-Gharbi Canal (Hir Azraq Canal to Palmyra Steppe Palace)
Umayyad (Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) · Umayyad steppe palace culture
Hayr Gharbi: 16-km Umayyad 727 CE limestone canal from Harbaka Dam to steppe palace 34.52N 38.12E.