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CategoriesFortresses
Walls, citadels and hill forts.
🇴🇲 Oman · Fortress
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Dock Fortress in Dhofar, Oman is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) fortress attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
The Castle of Castelo Branco (Portuguese: Castelo de Castelo Branco) is a Portuguese medieval castle in civil parish of Castelo Branco, in the municipality of the same name, in the Centro district of…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Numidian to Byzantine (2nd c. BCE–7th c. CE) · Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
High-plateau Jugurthine citadel (1,017 m) with Byzantine pentagon fort.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Ptolemaic to Byzantine (3rd c BCE – 7th c CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine (Cyrenaica–Marmarica)
Desert–lagoon frontier tower at Marmarica's Cyrenaica edge, Boreum guarded the coastal road's last water before Egyptian desert and lagoon fishery.
🇪🇪 Estonia · Fortress
Haapsalu Castle (also Haapsalu Episcopal Castle, Estonian: Haapsalu piiskopilinnus, or more simply Bishop's Castle) is a castle with cathedral in Haapsalu, Estonia, founded in the thirteenth century…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (198–260 CE) · Roman (Numidia, Severan frontier)
Southernmost Roman desert burgus near El Hadjira with Palmyrene ostraca.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? · Graeco-Bactrian frontier
Kampyr Tepe — Oxus Fort in Surkhandarya Province, Uzbekistan is a Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? fortress attributed to Graeco-Bactrian frontier.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Early Bronze Age to Persian (3400–332 BCE) · Canaanite / Egyptian / Israelite
Tell es-Sa'idiyeh North Ridge Extension — Jordan Valley in Jordan Valley, Jordan is a Early Bronze Age to Persian (3400–332 BCE) tell attributed to Canaanite / Egyptian / Israelite.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
Chalcolithic (3000–1700 BCE) · Vila Nova de São Pedro / Bell Beaker
Lisbon's type-site of Copper Age fortification excavated by E. Sangmeister 1964–, with Beaker pottery, copper smelting and Atlantic trade links.
🇪🇨 Ecuador · Fortress
Late Integration to Inca (1400–1532 CE) · Quitu–Cara / Inca
Rumicucho Pucará — Quito in Pichincha Province, Ecuador is a Late Integration to Inca (1400–1532 CE) fortress attributed to Quitu–Cara / Inca.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (Hadrian to Diocletian) · Roman (Numidia, Fossatum)
Fossatum Africae southern rampart and ditch bastion south of Gemellae.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Urartian (c.685–590 BCE Rusa II) · Urartu → post-Urartian Scythian
Huge fortress (300 × 200 m) with massive ashlar rampart, beer brewery vats, inscribed bronze shields, Teisheba tower and a lower town archive of cattle tribute.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland · Nabataean desert frontier
Ashar? Actually Shaharut — Negev Highlands Fortlet in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland fortress attributed to Nabataean desert frontier.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Italian colonial (1930s) over Garamantian earlier Tifinagh graffiti hill · Garamantian Tuareg → Italian colonial
Ghat hill Tifinagh documented by Reichelt 1990s, Garamantian border post.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Medieval (1361–1441) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania / Teutonic
Oldest brick castle in Lithuania (1361) at strategic Nemunas–Neris island, first to use brick to resist Teutonic cannon; destroyed 1362 by Teutonic Knights (3-week siege), rebuilt by Vytautas 1409 as…
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Aslackby Preceptory in Lincolnshire lay to the south-east of Aslackby Church. Until about 1891 a tower, possibly of the preceptory church, together with a vaulted undercroft, survived as part the…
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Classical (370 BCE) · Athenian/Boeotian
Fortress of Eleutherai — Gyphokastro in Attica/Boeotia, Greece is a Classical (370 BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian/Boeotian.
🇬🇷 Greece · Temple complex
5th c. BCE to Roman · Athenian
Sanctuary of Nemesis and Fortress at Rhamnous in Attica, Greece is a 5th c. BCE to Roman temple-complex attributed to Athenian.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Roman to Byzantine (1st–7th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Dorsal pass town with Byzantine fortress reusing temple blocks, forum and basilica; controls Kairouan–Gafsa road.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) · Spartan (Agis II)
Dekeleia Fortress — Tatoi in Attica, Greece is a Peloponnesian War (413 BCE) fortress attributed to Spartan (Agis II).
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Garamantian (500 BCE–600 CE) capital; foggara peak 200 BCE · Garamantian (Berber Saharan state)
Germa excavated by Daniels 1970s and Mattingly 1990s, foggaras 5th c. BCE, 100k tumuli field nearby.
🇬🇷 Greece · Ancient city
Archaic to Roman (700 BCE–200 CE) · Syracusan
Helorus — Syracusan Outpost in Sicily, Greece is a Archaic to Roman (700 BCE–200 CE) ancient-city attributed to Syracusan.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Roman to Byzantine (3rd–7th c. CE) · Roman (Tripolitana/Syrte)
Salt-pan watchtower south of Boreum with sebkha causeway.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Fortress
Hephthalite to Ghaznavid (500–1000 CE) · Bamyan fortress town (Hephthalite)
Shahr-i Zohak — Bamiyan Fortress Extension in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan is a Hephthalite to Ghaznavid (500–1000 CE) fortress attributed to Bamyan fortress town (Hephthalite).
