🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Mohenjo-daro — Great Bath Western Extension
Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo citadel excavated by Marshall 1922–, world's earliest public Bath.
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CategoriesHydraulic works
Canals, qanats, stepwells and reservoirs of ancient engineers.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Harappan (2600–1900 BCE mature; dock 2400 BCE) · Indus / Harappan (Lothal)
Ahmedabad Lothal excavated by Rao 1954–63, dock at 2400 BCE, bead factory and Persian Gulf seal.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan Mohenjo-daro
Mohenjo citadel excavated by Marshall 1922–, world's earliest public Bath.
🇪🇸 Spain · Cave
Upper Palaeolithic to Bronze Age · Magdalenian / Bronze Age
Karstic cave network in Navarre Pyrenees foothills with Upper Palaeolithic engravings and Holocene deposits, including Magdalenian mobiliary art and early Bronze Age burials.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Bronze Age to Early Historic (1700 BCE–200 CE, Swat protohistoric IV–VII) · Gandhara Grave Culture? Actually Swat protohistoric (Gandhara Grave) to Indo-Greek
Swat 2.5-km proto-canal 1700 BCE puddled clay feeding Ghundai 30 ha rice, Italian Stacul's type Gandhara hydraulic.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Sangam Period, Early Historic to Colonial · Tamil Chola (Sangam)
2nd century Chola granite anicut (329 m, 150 CE) on Kaveri River, oldest functional dam in world irrigating one million acres.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
Old Kingdom early 4th Dynasty · Old Kingdom Egyptian (Memphite)
South bank companion wing (62 m) to Sadd el-Kafara Old Kingdom unfinished dam (2703 BCE): spillway side with mason marks.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Ghaznavid to Durrani to British · Pishin Pashtun–Baloch valley tribal hydraulic engineers
Headwaters dam–karez hybrid at Zana Pass: 88-m rockfill dam feeding 3 galleries (1.8-4.2 km) irrigating 420 ha.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Qajar to Pahlavi (1910–1930) · Qajar Persian garden culture (Birjand Alam dynasty)
1910 Qajar 12-m arch 35 m on Darreh valley feeding Birjand Akbariye Persian garden and Arg via 2 km qanat.
🇷🇺 Russia · Hydraulic works
The Eurasia Canal (Russian: Канал "Евразия", Kanal "Evraziya") is a proposed 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) canal connecting the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Hydraulic works
New Kingdom to Roman · Pharaonic–Ptolemaic–Roman Eastern Desert officials
Canalized desert road on Wadi Abbadi 35 km east of Edfu: 1.2 km channel with 8 plastered cisterns for gold caravans.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Sabaean Kingdom 750 BCE - 570 CE · Sabaean (Saba) kingdom
750 BCE Sabaean secondary saddle dam (420 m) and north sluice extension of Marib, doubling irrigated area via 2.1 km north canal.
🇨🇦 Canada · Hydraulic works
The Bytown Museum (French: Musée Bytown) is a museum in Ottawa located in the Colonel By Valley at the Ottawa Locks of the Rideau Canal on the Ottawa River, just below Parliament Hill.
🇮🇱 Israel · Hydraulic works
Second Temple (Herodian) to Byzantine · Herodian Jewish / Roman / Byzantine
Mamilla (Birket Mamilla) reservoir (760 m asl, 31°46′42″N 35°13′15″E 31.7786,35.2209) 650 m NW of Jaffa Gate in centre of Mamilla Cemetery, one of Jerusalem's ancient pools (Upper pool of Gihon)…
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Median Kingdom (750-550 BCE) – earlyMedian · Median (western Iranian)
Median rockfill dam and plastered cistern (42 m x 4.8 m, 2,200 m³) at fire-temple citadel of Nush-i Jan (750 BCE).
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Sassanian 470 CE to Safavid UNESCO 2011 · Sassanian hydraulic engineers; Safavid Shah Abbas I
Sassanian qanat (5th c. CE, 12 km, 400 shafts) feeding Fin Garden, UNESCO Persian Garden archetype hydraulic core.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Sabaean Kingdom 800 BCE - 570 CE · Sabaean (Saba) kingdom
800 BCE Sabaean gorge regulator dam (90 m) 2.8 km upstream of Marib, desilting weir for oasis triad.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Sassanian 6th c. to Ilkhanid 1226 CE to present · Sassanian then Islamic Yazd hydraulic community
12th century high-discharge qanat (14 km, 320 shafts, 190 L/s) feeding Ghasemabad bagh and Yazd mills.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Qajar (1812) · Persian Qajar (Qazvin city governors Sardar)
Qajar brick 5-dome ab-anbar 45×12×8 m with 6 badgirs and 51-step access 1812, largest in Iran.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Iron Age to Sassanian (Achaemenid to late antiquity) · Persian (Achaemenid–Sassanian) hydraulicians
Oldest functioning qanat 33 km, 360-m mother well, Achaemenid c.700 BCE, 150 L/s Persian Qanat UNESCO.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Ilkhanid Mongol (1300) to Safavid · Mongol–Persian hydraulic (Rashid al-Din's Jami' al-Tawarikh?), Qom Shi'a
1300 Mongol 26-m arch radius 35 m, oldest surviving arch dam (first Mongol), 294 yr before Tibi Europe.
🇮🇳 India · Hydraulic works
Classical Sangam to Colonial · Early Chola, British colonial (Cotton)
Chola Karikalan 2nd CE north Kollidam regulators with 12 vents and 1804 Cotton arches, oldest working dam distributary.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Hydraulic works
Iron Age II (Judahite Kingdom, late 8th c. BCE) · Judahite Israelite (Hezekian Jerusalem)
Biblical 533-m S-tunnel 701 BCE two teams meet with 90 cm offset for Assyrian siege.
🇴🇲 Oman · Hydraulic works
Sasanian to Islamic · Omani, Sasanian Persian, Ibadi
Nizwa Daudi mother well 30 m with 8-km tunnel and shari'a sharing basin, UNESCO aflaj highland branch.
