🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Abu Mena
Late Roman to Early Byzantine 4th–7th c. CE, peak 5th–6th c. · Coptic Christian / Byzantine Egyptian
Desert pilgrimage city of Saint Menas, 4th–7th c., now endangered by water table rise.
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341 places in the atlas, 87 of them inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Late Roman to Early Byzantine 4th–7th c. CE, peak 5th–6th c. · Coptic Christian / Byzantine Egyptian
Desert pilgrimage city of Saint Menas, 4th–7th c., now endangered by water table rise.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Early Dynastic to Late Antique (3500 BCE – 400 CE) · Egyptian Saite / Persian / Greek mercenary / Ptolemaic
Saite 26th Dyn capital 664 BCE — Neith enclosure 700x600 m with walls 20 m thick and harbour 600x300 m now sebkha at +2 m under 8 m silt.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Roman to Early Islamic (130–800 CE) · Roman / Greek / Egyptian
130 CE Hadrian-planned city for Antinous with 300-m hippodrome, triumphal arch and North Cemetery mummy portraits.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Predynastic to Medieval (4500 BCE – 1200 CE) · Egyptian / Ptolemaic / Roman / Eastern Desert
Nile gate to Red Sea — Min temple 300x150 m with Wadi Hammamat harbour 300x100 m for Myos Hormos elephant caravans.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Late Period to Persian (664 – 525 BCE) · Saite Egyptian / East Greek mercenary Ionian–Carian
664 BCE Saite Greek mercenary fort at Pelusium gateway — casemate walls half in Pelusiac sebkha –1 to –3 m with Greek pottery.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Ptolemaic to Late Roman (3rd c BCE–5th c CE; peak 1st–3rd c CE) · Ptolemaic Egyptian / Roman
Ptolemaic–Roman grain city Karanis with 85 ha mudbrick and papyri archive.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Classical to Byzantine (570 BCE – 785 CE) · Egyptian Greek / Roman / Byzantine
Ptolemaic wine port on Lake Mareotis feeding Alexandria — jetties now reed-submerged –1 to –2 m at Hawariya.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Late Period to Early Islamic (510 BCE–700 CE; peak Christian 4th–7th c) · Persian-Egyptian / Early Christian Coptic
263-mudbrick vaulted domed chapels 4th–7th c with Exodus frescoes above Hibis Persian temple 40 m.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Roman to Medieval (130–700 CE) · Greek / Roman / Egyptian / Hadrianic
Hadrian 130 CE Greek polis where Antinous drowned — 400x120 m Nile harbour grid city 350 ha with 18 m arch.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Second Intermediate to New Kingdom (17th–18th Dynasty, 1580–1320 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian (Theban)
Deir el-Ballas is a New Kingdom palace–rampart town opposite Coptos on west bank 2 km desert edge, built early 17th Dynasty (c. 1580 BCE) as military palace for Sekhemre–Wadjitaw?
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old Kingdom to Late Antique (2600 BCE–700 CE; temple Ptolemaic, tombs Middle Kingdom) · Ancient Egyptian / Greco-Roman
Qau el-Kebir (Antaeopolis, Antaioupolis) is Middle Egypt's great nomarch and late antique metropolis on east bank, capital 10th nome of Antaeus.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty c.1860–1814 BCE · Ancient Egyptian (Amenemhat III)
Herodotus's 3000-room labyrinth beside Faiyum now rubble field.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Old Kingdom (3800–2686 BCE) · Egyptian (Predynastic–Early Dynastic)
Fortified Early Dynastic town wall enclosing palace and world's oldest brewery.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Tell
Hyksos to Saite-Persian (1700–343 BCE) · Hyksos / Egyptian (Leontopolite nome)
Hyksos-to-Saite suburb 600m south of Leontopolis with lion statues.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Old Kingdom to Late Antique (2700 BCE–7th c. CE) · Egyptian (nome capital)
Nome capital Tjebu with Ptolemy IV temple 18-column pronaos on high tell.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Early Dynastic (4000–2686 BCE) · Naqada culture (Egyptian Predynastic)
Predynastic town south of Naqada with copper-axe cemetery.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Iron I–II (c.1200–600 BCE) · Israelite/Judahite → Assyrian Negev administration
Stratified Iron Age desert fortress (65 × 55 m) at the oasis spring Ain el-Qudeirat, identified with biblical Kadesh-Bar...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Late Period / Graeco-Roman / Byzantine · Egyptian / Graeco-Roman
Mudbrick gateway fortress guarding Pelusiac Nile branch, scene of Cambyses 525 BCE, Antiochus battles, Pelusium lions legend and Baldwin I death 1118.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Second Intermediate to New Kingdom (c. 1600–1450 BCE) · Theban Egyptian (17th–18th Dynasty)
17th Dynasty war capital south palace (80×50 m) with workmen's village 150 houses.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Pharaonic / Graeco-Roman · Egyptian / Greek / Roman
Nome capital whose rubbish mounds yielded 500,000+ Greek papyri (Grenfell & Hunt 1896–1906) – Sappho, Menander, Gospel of Thomas.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old Kingdom / Second Intermediate · Egyptian
Lost capital of Xoite 14th Dynasty (76 kings) contesting Hyksos Avaris. Stepped temple of Amun and 8 m Hyksos walls detected by magnetometry; Herodotus lists Delta metropolis.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Old to Middle Kingdom / Late Period · Egyptian
Capital of Heracleopolitan dynasty (Dyn 9–10, 2160–2055 BCE) whose 'Instruction for Merikare' defines First Intermediate Period.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Pharaonic to Byzantine (New Kingdom – 7th c CE; Ptolemaic port 300 BCE) · Egyptian / Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine
Egypt's western gate on Mediterranean lagoon, Paraetonium began as Ramesses II's western chain fort, then great Ptolemaic lagoon port with Alexander–Cleopatra stopover tradition; l...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Predynastic to Roman · Egyptian / Roman
Caravan terminus of Wadi Hammamat road to Red Sea moving gold, bekhen-stone and incense. Temple of Min–Isis (Elkab-scale).
