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13 places in the atlas, 4 of them inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Namazga I–VI 4000–1800 BCE (Chalcolithic to Bronze Age) · Anau–Namazga oasis civilization (Pre-BMAC Kopet)
Bronze Age mega-tell and type-site for Namazga chronology (c.4000–1800 BCE) near the Tejen River fan 100 km east of Ashgabat — 50 ha tepe (largest in Turkmenistan) with 30 m stratigraphy (Namazga…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Anau IA–II (Namazga I–II) 4500–3000 BCE → Bronze → Iron → Sejuk · Jeitun–Anau → Namazga → Bronze Age BMAC → Iranian
Oasis-town pair (c.4500 BCE–1000 CE) on the Kopet Dag fan near Ashgabat — Anau North (Chalcolithic Anau IA–II, 4500–3000 BCE) and Anau South (Bronze–Iron Age 2000 BCE–Islamic) twin mounds excavated…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient village
Jeitun Neolithic 6000–5000 BCE → Pessejik phase · Jeitun culture (Central Asian Neolithic)
Type-site for Neolithic Jeitun culture (c.6000–5000 BCE) in the Kopet Dag piedmont north of Ashgabat — 10 house settlement (0.8 ha) excavated 1952–62 by Vadim Masson, the earliest permanent farming…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Namazga II–IV 3200–2000 BCE (Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze) · Namazga oasis (Pre-BMAC) → BMAC (Bactria-Margiana)
Middle–Late Chalcolithic to Early Bronze oasis town (c.3200–2000 BCE, Namazga II–IV) between Namazga and the Karakum — 26 ha walled town famous for its Ziggurat-like mudbrick 'altar' complex (massive…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Achaemenid 5th c BCE → Khwarezmshahs 11th–13th c CE → Golden Horde · Khwarezmian → Seljuk → Khwarezmshahs → Mongol
Konye-Urgench — capital of Khwarezm (Achaemenid–Golden Horde, 5th c BCE–17th c CE) 35 km south Uzbekistan border, excavated 1930s Tolstov and 1990s Berlin.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Gonur / Togolok phase BMAC 2300–1700 BCE · Bactria–Margiana (Oxus) civilization
BMAC (Bactria–Margiana) monumental temple-fortress (c.2300–1700 BCE) on Murghab alluvium, satellite of Gonur Tepe, built of mud-brick with central fortified court 30×40 m, fire temple, part of Viktor…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Khwarezmshah to Golden Horde 995–1388 · Khwarezmshah / Seljuk / Golden Horde
Lost capital of Khwarezm in Amu Darya delta, flourishing 10th–14th c. with 60 m Kutlug Timur minaret tallest in Central Asia and Turabek Khanum mausoleum (1360s) with world's most complex girikh dome…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient village
Geoksyur period (Namazga I–III) Chalcolithic–Early Bronze · Anau cultures (Jeitun→Geoksyur→Altyn)
Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age tell cluster (4500–3000 BCE) forming proto-urban oasis with 10 villages up to 10 ha each, the largest Namazga-period centre in Kopet Dag piedmont before BMAC.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Achaemenid 6th c BCE to Timurid 18th c CE (Seljuk peak 11th–13th c) · Parthian / Seljuk / Timurid (Persian-Central Asian)
Four superimposed cities of Merv oasis on Murghab alluvium: Erk Kala Achaemenid citadel, Gyaur Kala Hellenistic-Parthian double-walled (Antiochia Margiana), Sultan Kala Seljuk capital (world's…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
BMAC / Oxus Civilization 2500–1500 BCE (peak 2300–1700 BCE) · Bactria-Margiana / Oxus / Indo-Iranian
Fortified Bronze Age capital (2500–1500 BCE) of Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC, Oxus Civilization) in Murghab delta, discovered by Viktor Sarianidi 1972.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Parthian Arsacid 3rd c BCE–3rd c CE (peak 1st c BCE–1st c CE) · Parthian / Arsacid
Parthian ceremonial and administrative capital (3rd c BCE–3rd c CE) of two tells: Old Nisa (Mithridatkert fortress 14 ha with 43 towers, wine rhytons and ivory rhytons inscribed Arsacid) and New Nisa…
